WarandLoveinAFarewelltoArms

WarandLoveinAFarewelltoArms

沈阳体育学院外语教研室

薛莹

[Abstract]ErnestHemingway,thefamousAmericanwriter,wasoneoftherepresentativesof“thelostgeneration”.Hewasgoodatdepicting

“thelostgeneration”,especiallytheyouth.AFarewelltoArmsisoneofhismasterpieces.Becauseofthesimi-thelifeandtheinnerworldof

laritiesbetweentheheroandHemingwayhimself,manycriticsregarditasanautobiographicalnovel.Thenoveldevelopswiththethemesofwarandlove,exposingthebrutalityandabsurdityofWorldWarI,andtheunforgettablepainitcaused.Atthesametime,Hemingwayex-tolledbeautifulandunselfishlove.Inanagefilledwithwarandchaos,pureloveservedasabeaconinthedarkness,bringinghope,comfortandcouragetopeople.

[Keywords]themeswarlove

1.War

Asthetitleofthenovelmakesclear,AFarewelltoArmsconcernsitselfprimarilywiththewar,namelytheprocessbywhichHedericHenryremovedhimselffromWorldWarIandleftitbehind.Thenovelrevealsthedevelop-mentofHemingway’sphilosophyoflife—theuniverseisanunorderedone.ThereisnoGodtowatchoverman,todictatecodesofmorality,ortoensurejustice.Instead,theuniverseisindifferent,sometimesevenhostiletoman’splight.Inthenovel,thisindifferenceisbestexemplifiedbythewar—anulti-matelyfutilestruggleofmanagainstman.Therearenowinnersinawar,andtherearenoreasonsbehindthelivesthataretaken.

Noonewasquitepreparedfortheenormousbrutalityofthewar.Cather-inewasundoubtedlynottheonlypeoplewhoimagedtheirlovedonemightjusthaveaminorwound,perhapsasabercut.Howeverherfiancéwasblown“all

.(Hemingway,19)Farfromendingwithinweeks,thewardraggedontobits”

forfouryears.Thehumancostwasenormous:GreatBritainlost750,000peo-ple;GermanandFranceamillioneach;Russialostasmanyasalltheothercombatantscombined.EventheUnitedStates,whoenteredthewarlaterthanothers,lost88,000.Theendofchapter1leavesthereaderadeepimpressionofthewar:“Atthestartofthewintercamethepermanentrainandwiththeraincamethecholera.Butitwascheckedandintheendonlyseventhousanddiedofit.”(Hemingway,7)Theword“only”conveysasenseofindifference.

Inthewar,humanlivesseemedtobesomethingcheapandinsignificant.Inchapter9,Henryandotherfourdriverswereblownupwhentheywereeat-ingcheese.HenrysawPassinibeblownintopiecesanddiedingreatpain.Inthedressingstation,“Thedoctorswereworkingwiththeirsleevesuptotheirshouldersandwereredasbutchers.”(Hemingway,45)Onhiswaytothehos-“Atfirstit(blood)droppedslow-pital,themanoverHenryhadahemorrhage,

lyandregularly,thenitpatteredintoastream.”Thedriversimplysaid,“Iwouldn’tbeabletogetthestretcheroutalone”,anddidnothingtohelp.Afterthemandied,“theytookthestretcheroutandputanotherin”.(Hemingway,

sinsignificanceandnegligibility49)AnothergoodexampleshowingHuman’

undertheforceofwarisHenry’sconversationwiththemedicalofficerbeforetheretreat:

“Tellme,Ihaveneverseenaretreat—ifthereisaretreathowareallthewoundedevacuated?”

“Theyarenot.Theytakeasmanyastheycanandleavetherest.”“WhatwillItakeinthecars?”“Hospitalequipment.”(Hemingway,135)

Themajorityofthecharactersremainedambivalentaboutthewar,re-sentfuloftheterribledestructionitcaused,anddoubtfulofthegloryitwassupposedtobring.Mostpeople,gradually,becamedisappointedwiththewar.HenryoncetalkedaboutthewarwithotherdriversandPassiniwasoneofthemwhoprotestedthewarferociously.Hesaidresentfully,“Thereisnothingworsethanwar.”“Whenpeoplerealizehowbaditistheycannotdoanythingtostopitbecausetheygocrazy.Therearesomepeoplewhoneverrealize.Therearepeoplewhoareafraidoftheirofficers.Itiswiththemthewarismade.”“Itdoesn’tfinish.Thereisnofinishtoawar.”“Warisnotwonbyvictory.”“Everybodyhatesthiswar.”“Thereisaclassthatcontrolsacountrythatisstupidanddoesnotrealizeanythingandnevercan.Thatiswhywehavethiswar.”(Hemingway,40-41)Passinirealizedthenatureofwarandwishedtoendthewarbyquittingit.However,hediedshortlyafterthatandtherewasanimplicationthathediedbecausehehadquitthestruggle.Be-sides,soldierswhorefusedtoattackwereshotbythecarabinieri,eventheirfamilymemberswereunfairlytreated.Itseemedthat,inthewar,allthepar-ticipantscoulddowastostruggleagainstwhatwassetuponthemandtheones

whorefusedwouldprobablygetkilled.

Thebrutalwarleftmanypeopledeeplydisillusioned,eventhosewhohadfirmbeliefs.Theyoungpriestinthenovelwasarespectablecharacter.HewasabletomaintainfaithinGodandoftenservedasacounselortoothers.Butevenhesometimesfelthelplessandtiredinthewar—“Itrytohopebutsome-timesIcannot.”(Hemingway,36)WhenHenryreturnedtothefront,hemetthemajoragain,wholookedolderanddrier.HesaidtoHenry,“Iamverytiredofthiswar.IfIwasawayIdonotbelieveIwouldcomeback.”ButitwasRinaldiwhohadchangedmost.Crushedcompletelybythewar,hebecame

“Thiswariskillingme,”Rinaldisaid,“Iamveryde-desperateandcynical.

pressedbyit.Neverthink.No,byGod,Idon’tthink;Ioperate.”“Thisisaterriblewar.”Rinaldiwashopeless,butstillcouldn’tgetawayfromthewar.Sohetriedtonumbhimselfwithwork,alcoholandwomen.Hispsychological

“self-destruction”.(Hem-andphysicalsufferingpushedhimtoveryvergeof

ingway,121,124)UnlikeEttoreorGino,thepromiseofhonoranddutiesofpatriotismmeantlittletoHenry.Hesaid,

Iwasalwaysembarrassedbythewordsscared,glorious,andsacrificeandtheexpressioninvain…andIhadseennothingscaredandthethingsthatwereglorioushadnogloryandthesacrificeswerelikethestockyardsatChicagoifnothingwasdonewiththemeatexceptburyit…Abstractwordssuchasglory,honour,courage,orhollowwereobscurebesidetheconcretenamesofvillage,thenumbersofroads,ofthenamesofrivers,thenumbersofregimentsandthedates.

(Hemingway,133)

Havingwitnesstheviolenceofthewarandthedramaticchangesofhissurroundingpeople,Henrydecidedtodesertthearmy.Awayfromthewar,Henryreceivedalotofhelpfromtheporter,Simmons,andEmelio.Theyhelpedhimoutoffriendshipandasasupporttohisfarewelltoarms.Othermen,suchastheproprietorofthewineshop,werewillingtohelphimsimplybecausehehadthecouragetodesertthewar.Therefore,itisquiteclearthatmostciviliansweresickofthewar,andwillingtodoanythingtheycouldtohelpthosewholeftthearmy.

AFarewelltoArmsisoneofthefinestnovelscomingoutofthewar,re-flectingthewidespreaddisillusionmentwithwarandaworldthatallowedsuchbarbarity.ToHemingwaythewarwasabotchcheerfullybegunbymenwithromanticnotionsofgloryandhonor,butfoughtwithsavagery.Andtotheend,assoldiersriskedtheirlivesfightingtheenemies,theirleaders,safelyawayfromthefront,toldtalesofvalor,patriotismandduty.Fewofthemthoughtaboutthosesoldierswhohadbecomecynicalanddisillusionedtothewar.

2.Love

Thenovelisprimarilyalovestorythatchroniclestherelationshipbe-tweenFredericHenryandCatherineBarkleythroughcourtship,consumma-sdeath.Lovecanhap-tion,reaffirmationandfinallyseparationbyCatherine’

penunderanycircumstances,eveninthechaosofwar.Butthelovestorybe-tweenHenryandCatherinehassomethingdifferentfromtheothers,becausetheirlovefirstbegunasagame.ThefactthatCatherinehadrecentlylostalovedoneinthewarmadeheralmostdesperateforsomeonetocarefor.Shewantedtodistanceherselffromthepainofherloss.Likewise,Henryintendedtogetasfaraspossiblefromthetalkofthewarandlookedforsomeonetopassthetimewith.Sotheyquicklybeguntheroleplayinggame,pretendingtheyfellinlovewitheachother.HenrythoughtCatherineas“alittlecrazy”anddidnotcarewhathewasgettinginto.Hebelieveditwasbetterthangoingev-eryeveningtothehousefortheofficers.Theirrelationshipwasjustagame,likebridge.AstoCatherine,itwasarottengame.ShecalledHenry“darling”(Hemingway,26)tocarryoutherfantasythatherfiancéwasstillalive.Inthisway,theywerewell-matched.HenrytreatedseeingCatherineverylightly,but

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科技信息人文社科

beautifulsceneryandplayedchess,enjoyingeachother’scompany.Theybe-tliveatallwhenI’mnotwithyou,”saidCatherine.cameoneflesh.“Idon’Henryreplied,“I’mnogoodwhenyou’renotthere.Ihaven’tanylifeatallanymore.”(Hemingway,213)CourtGreffioncetoldHenrythatlovewasa“religiousfeeling.”(Hemingway,188)Nowtheybecamethefaithandsupportforeachother.Catherine’shaircutandHenry’snewbeardalongwiththeirlifetheresignifyaworldtheyhavelongedfor,devoidofwarandfilledwithtranquiltime.Whentheexpecteddateofchildbirthapproached,Henryand

“WeknowthebabyCatherinemovedtoahotelinLausanne,nearthehospital.

wasveryclosenowanditgaveusbothafeelingasthoughsomethingwerehurryingusandwecouldnotloseanytimetogether.”(Hemingway,220)Thisseemstobeaprophecyforthetragicending.Catherinedeliveredadeadbabyandshediedfromhemorrhages.

Lovecanbeanantidoteforthepainfulfeelingsofwar,butitcannotchangethebasicunforgivinghardnessoftheworld.Inanindifferentandun-caringuniverse,lovebetweenHenryandCatherine,thoughbeautiful,isdoomedtofailure.Actually,thetitleofthenovelisapun.“Arms”mayrefertotheweaponsaswellasthearmsofalover.Henrynotonlymadehisfarewelltothewar,butalsotohislove.

AFarewelltoArmsisatragiclovestory.Itdevelopswiththethemesofwarandlove,describingthefateanddevelopmentofdifferentcharacters.Thewariscruel,absurdanditisindifferenttoman’splight.Whilethebeautifullovebringspeoplehopeandhelpsthemforgetthepainfulexperiences.References［1］Hemingway,Ernest.AFarewelltoArms.Beijing:ForeignLan-guageTeachingandResearchPress,1992

［2］Donaldson,Scott.ByForceofWill:TheLifeandArtofErnestHemingway.NewYork:VikingPenguin,1977

［3］王臻.战争与爱情的悲剧美学———海明威《永别了，武器》解读］.湖南科技学院学报，2008，（01）［J

米田.通过《永别了，武器》看海明威的爱情观和反战立场［J］.作［4］

家，2009，（06）在，降冰片环上的双键特征吸收峰1575cm-1已经消失，说明双键已经参加了加成反应。

2.4DCPD型树脂的机械性能测试

将树脂浇注到自制的样条槽中进行固化并经过熟化后处理，分别按照GB/T2571-1995制成尺寸为80×10×4mm的无缺口样条,在A-JU-22型悬臂梁冲击实验机测定材料的抗冲击性能；按照GB1447-83制成标准样条,在ShimadzuAGS-H型电子拉力机上测试材料的拉伸性能,拉伸速率为25mm/min。DCPD-UPR与通用不饱和聚酯树脂浇注体

该力学性能值基本满足大的力学性能比较列于表3。由表中数据可知，

部分制件对树脂力学性能的要求。

表3DCPD-UPR及通用不饱和聚酯树脂浇注体的力学性能

力学性能DCPD-UPR通用UPR

抗冲击强度（kJ/m2）

whenhecouldn’tseeher,hesuddenlyfeltlonelyandhollow.Thispsycholog-icalchangeofHenryrevealsthechangeofhisfeelingtowardsCatherine.

However,theirrelationshipdidnotreallydevelopuntilHenrywaswoundedandtakentothehospitalwherehemetCatherineagain.“WhenIsawherIwasinlovewithher.Everythingturnedoverinsideofme,”hesaid,“Iwascrazyabouther.”“GodknowsIhadnotwantedtofallinlovewithher.ButGodknowsIhad.”(Hemingway,70)ThiswastheturningpointofHenry’sfeelingtoCatherineandtherealbeginningoftheirlove.

ThepriestoncetoldHenry,“Whenyouloveyouwishtodothingsfor.Youwishtosacrificefor.Youwishtoserve.”(Hemingway,57)WhileCather-ine’sideaoflovewasmorespecific:“I’llsayjustwhatyouwishandI’lldo

tanymeanymore.Justwhatyouwish.”“Iwantwhatyouwant.Thereisn’

whatyouwant.”“I’myou.Don’tmakeupaseparateme.”(Hemingway,79)Thiswasherdefinitionoflove,thatis,thecombinationofbodyandsoul.ItwasherunselfishlovethathelpedHenryrecoverquicklyfromthenightmareofthewarandchangedtheformeraimlessandrestlessyouthintoamancom-mittedtolove.

Backtothefront,thedesperationofhisfriendsandthedefeatsinthebattlefieldsdeepenedHenry’swearinesstothewar.HethoughaboutCather-ineallthetime,evensawherinhisdreams.Hepreyed,“ThatmysweetloveCatherinedownmightrain.Blowheragainsttome.”(Hemingway,142)HisloveforCatherinewassostrongthathechosetojumpintotheicyriver,beforebeingexecutedandescaped.Henrycoulddesertthewar,buthewouldneverdeserthislove.Comparedwiththepassionoflove,thewarwaspaleandfrag-ile.Floatingdowntheriverwithapieceofwood,HenryabandonedeverythingexceptCatherineandlettherivertakehimtoanewlife.“Angerwaswashedawayintheriveralongwithanyobligation.”Therestforhimtodowasto“EatanddrinkandsleepwithCatherine.”(Hemingway,167-168)Nothingcouldseparatethemfromnowon.HenryreturnedtoCatherineandfoundcomfort,orderandcourageagain.AfterstayinginStresaforseveraldays,thecouplefledtoSwitzerland,andbeguntheirseclusivelife.Therewasnowar,nopainanymore,onlypeaceandlove.ThatfalltheylivedinabrownwoodenhouseonthesideofamountainwiththekindMr.andMrs.Guttingenlivingdown-stairs.TheywalkeddownthemountainpathinMontreus,appreciatedthe（上接第506页）

甲磺酸的酸性强，与磷酸和对甲苯磺酸相当，但无氧化性，摩尔质量小，热稳定性高，能减少副反应的发生。分别采用以上三种酸做催化剂，在相同反应条件下进行对比不同酸性催化剂用量对树脂性能及颜色的影响，见表2。由表2可知，三种催化剂对产品的硬度、冲击强度影响不大，磷酸和甲磺酸作催化剂对产品的性能和色泽有益，但磷酸后处理较难，易残留在树脂中腐蚀设备，使用甲磺酸还有降低放热峰温度的效果。所以，催化剂选用甲磺酸。

2.3DCPD改性UPR的红外（FT-IR）和核磁共振（1HNMR）图谱分析

拉伸强度（MPa）

5860

3.73.6

3.结论

确定了适宜的合成工艺：加成温度125℃～140℃；酯化温度（1）

150℃～170℃；n（DCPD）:n（顺丁烯二酸酐）＝（0.6～0.8）：1；催化剂为甲磺酸，用量为0.1%～0.2%。

（2）产品经过红外分析表明，双环戊二烯加成完全，五元环上双键稳定并仍然保留，确实为不饱和聚酯树脂结构。

（3）MDI的加入代替了苯乙烯，得到一种新型环保树脂，树脂机械性能符合要求，可以作为生产和加工材料。

图1未固化DCPD改性UPR、已固化DCPD改性UPR的FT-IR谱图

图1a、b分别为DCPD改性UPR及其固化后的红外光谱。读图1b可知，脂基伸缩振动特征峰1720cm-1,不饱和聚酯分子链节上的两个端基-COOH的特征峰1300cm-1和-OH的特征峰1410cm-1明显减弱，图

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中存在共轭烯烃伸缩振动特征峰1645cm，说明双键仍然存在。图1a中由于酯基不参与固化，所以1720cm-1和1728cm-1仍然存在，但由于

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C=C双键基团参与固化交联反应而被消耗，因而1645cm，980cm-1，912cm-1，778cm-1峰在红外谱图上消失，表明C=C已经被消耗完全，树

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脂已经完全固化。DCPD五元环上的双键特征吸收峰1600cm仍然存

参考文献［1］焦扬声.双环戊二烯改性的不饱和聚酯树脂［J］.玻璃钢/复合材1988(2)料，［2］赵之山，林宗基.端基封闭法合成双环戊二烯改性不饱和聚酯］.石油化工，1995［J

［3］付丽华，贾德民.液化MDI型聚氨酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/改性蒙脱土纳米复合材料的力学性能与形态［D］.广西大学学报（自然科学版），2005

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