英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例)
一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 study be studying have studied have been studying 过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying
将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying
过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying
时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 1. 一般现在时
用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。
C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)
D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)
How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。) 2. 现在进行时(be doing)
用法:现在正在进行的动作。 3. 现在完成时(have done)
用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell 答案是C) haven't sold。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。
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基础语法讲解 海天英语 ROSE
C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)
注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。
例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。) He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。)
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续) My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)
C) 在\"this is the first/ second/ third„„ time that„„\"句型里要求用完成时。
例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。) D) 句型\"It is/ has been„„since\"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)
E) 在\"no sooner than\"、\"hardly/ scarcely „„when\"、\"before\"、\"prior to\"等句型中,主句要求完成时。
例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。) 4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。 例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。)
注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) is leaking
C) leaked D) has been leaking 从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。 5. 一般过去时
用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。 例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的
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基础语法讲解 海天英语 ROSE
人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?) Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)
注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示\"过去常常或 过去曾经\",要求加动词原形;后者表示\"习惯于
时态结构剖析
句子成分 主语 助动词 主动词 宾语
一般现在时
Mike is from America. We eat rice for lunch.
He plays football with friends 一般过去时
She was at the theatre last night They went there by train. 一般将来时
Jenny is going to visit her grandma.
The boys will travel to Xi’an next week. 提示:
1.英语中的否定句,疑问句都是要助动词来帮助完成的,上面所列的时态结构中,有的天生就带有助动词,方便之极。有的没有助动词,该咋办呢? 2.含有be动词的结构是否还需要添加其他助动词呢? 3.把它们变成否定和疑问句来看看。
英语时态的讲解
一共有八种:它们分别是: 一般现在时:主语+动词原形/单三人称+...。 一般过去时:主语+动词的过去式+...。(表示过去发生的动作) 一般将来时:主语+shall/will/be going to+动词原形 +...。(表示将要发生的动作) 现在进行时: 主语+be(is/are/am)+doing+...。(表示正在发生的动作)
过去进行时: 主语+be(was/were)+doing+...。 (表示过去某一时间正在发生的动作)
现在完成时: 主语+has/have+动词过去分词+...。 (表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响
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基础语法讲解 海天英语 ROSE
或结果)
过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词 +...。 表示过去发生的动作以前,发生的动作,就是过去的过去) 过去将来时:主语+would+动词原形+...。表示过去某一时间,将要发生的动作或存在的状态)。
短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如: My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
12.3 表示\"据说\"或\"相信\" 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如: It is said that„ 据说
It is reported that„ 据报道 It is believed that„ 大家相信 It is hoped that„ 大家希望
It is well known that„ 众所周知 It is thought that„ 大家认为 It is suggested that„ 据建议
It is taken granted that„ 被视为当然 It has been decided that„ 大家决定
It must be remember that„ 务必记住的是
不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。 比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3)系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem,
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基础语法讲解 海天英语 ROSE
smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。 5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如: (对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如: The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如: I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如: The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如: Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如: He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。 He got married to a rich girl. need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如: Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
时态练习题
1. Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano. (09全国I) A. didn’t know B. hadn’t known C. don’t know D. haven’t known
2. Progress_________so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time. (09全国II)
A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be
3.According to the literary review, Shakespeare _______his charities live through their language in his plays.(09福建)
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基础语法讲解 海天英语 ROSE
A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes
4.Scientists have many theories about how the universe __________ into being. (09北京) A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come
5.When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ____up, her voice had been full of life. (09北京)
A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang
6. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ______ with them to school. (09北京)
A. took B. had taken C.were taking D. would take
7.Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ______ all day. Could you speak to her now? (09辽宁)
A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned
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