考点一:形容词的句法作用
形容词在句中主要可以用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
成分 作定语 作表语 作宾补 例 句 British and American English aredifferent in many ways. 英式英语和美式英语在很多方面都有所不同。 People were shocked. 人们感到震惊。 We know you’re hard-working. 我们知道你很勤奋。 Life is hard at high altitude, and the mountains make communications difficult. 在高海拔地区生活很艰苦,高山使得交通非常困难。 作状语
注意: Scared and cold, the Time Traveller starts back towards the present. 时间旅行者感到非常恐惧和寒冷,于是开始向现在返回。 1)有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语。这些词可大体分为三类:某些由名词转换而来的形容词,如an atomic scientist(原子专家),a woolen suit(一套毛料衣服),a medical college(医学院);某些表示强调或特指的形容词,如the only child(独生子),the very purpose(真正的目的);某些表示方位或处所的形容词,如Western countries(西方国家), outdoor activities(户外活动)。 2)有些形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。这些词可大体分为两类:以前缀a-开头的形容词,如afraid,alone,alike,alive,ashamed,asleep,awake,aware等;表示健康状况的ill, well, unwell以及 worth, liable, sure, unable等。
考点二:多个形容词的排列顺序
形容词作定语通常放在所修饰的名词前,若有几个形容词,一般则按照以下顺序排列:
限定词→数词→描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)→出处(国籍,产地)→材料→用途→名词
a small round table 一张小圆桌子 a dirty old red skirt 一条脏的旧红裙子
a fine little old stone bridge 一座漂亮的古老小石桥 ten large black plastic bags 十只黑色的大塑料袋 the first Chinese astronaut 第一个中国宇航员
such a pretty little wooden garden chair 这么漂亮的花园用的小木椅子
小贴士: 巧记形容词排列顺序:县(限定词)官(观点,指描绘性形容词)行(形状)令(年龄)宴(颜色)国(国籍)材(材料),图(用途)的是名(名词)钱
考点三:形容词作后置定语 情况 当形容词修饰something, (前)。 例 句 About three years ago, something terrible happened anything, to me. 大约三年前,可怕的事情发生在了我身上。 challenging? 为什么不尝试一些与众不同和更具挑战性的事情呢? and learned a lot. 他充分利用现有的英语参考书,学到了不少知识。 There were a lot of retired workerspresent at the meeting. 有许多退休工人出席了这次会议。 everything, somebody, Why don’t you try somethingdifferentand more nobody等不定代词时,形容词须后置。 alone(仅仅),alike(相同的,相像的),alive(活的),available(可以取得的),concerned(有关的),present(出席的)作定语时,一般后置。 由and或or连接的两个形容词修饰同一个名词,表示强调或对比时,可以后置。 形容词短语作定语时通常后置。 Heat is a form of energy different from light. 光与热不同,是另一种形式的能。 Some fish can produce sounds almost twice as loud as your speaking voice! 有些鱼发出的声音几乎是你说话声音的两倍。
小贴士: the responsible man 可依赖的人 the man responsible 应负责的人 the present members 现在的成员 the members present 在场的成员 the absent students 心不在焉的学生 the students absent 缺席的学生 the concerned teachers 忧心忡忡的老师 the teachers concerned (与某事)相关的老师 考点四:形容词的比较级和最高级
They have a daughter both beautiful and clever. 他们有一个女儿,既聪明又漂亮。 形容词absent(缺席的),He made full use of English reference books available 形容词有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级,统称为“比较等级”。 1. 形容词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则形式
单音节形容词和少数双音节形容词是在原级后加-er,-est构成,多音节和其他双音节词是在词前加more, most构成。构成方式见下表: 情况 一般情况 以e结尾的词 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 其他双音节词和多音节词 词尾变化 原级 clever聪明的 加-r和-st 变y为i,再双写该辅音字母,再加-er和-est 加moremost 和brave勇敢的 busy忙的 big大的 hot热的 active活跃的 more active careful仔细的 more careful difficult困难的 most active most careful 比较级 higher cleverer braver busier happier bigger hotter 最高级 highest cleverest bravest busiest happiest biggest hottest 加-er和-est high高的 加-er和-est happy幸福的 more difficult most difficult 注意:
1)glad, fond, tired, pleased, shy等单音节词,常在词前加more和most构成比较级和最高级,如:more glad / pleased; most glad / pleased。
2)less和least也可用来构成比较等级,表示“较不„”和“最不„”,如less dangerous(较不危险的),least dangerous(最不危险的)。
小贴士: 有些形容词没有比较级和最高级形式,如:right, wrong, sure, perfect, round, empty, wonderful等。 (2)不规则形式
英语里有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,需要逐个记忆,详见下表: 原级 good(好的) well(健康的) bad(坏的) ill(有病的) many(许多的) much(大量的) few(少数的) little(少量的) far(远的) old(老的;旧的) late(迟的) farther further older elder later farthest furthest oldest eldest latest less least more most worse worst 比较级 better 最高级 best latter 注:
last 1)few常用规则的比较等级fewer和fewest,但在当代英语里也可以用less和least。 2) elder和eldest在英国英语里表示年长关系,而美国英语却用older 和oldest。如:elder / older brother(哥哥),eldest / oldest brother(大哥)。
3)later意为“较迟的”、“后来的”,latest意为“最新的”;latter前常加the,意为“后者的”,last意为“最后的”、“(等级)最低的”。
4) farther与further意思不完全相同,farther仅指距离,意为“较远的”;further除指距离外,还可指程度,有“进一步的”、“更多的”等意思。
小贴士: 英语里有少数词本身就是以比较级形式出现的:former(以前的),inner(内部的),outer (外部的),upper (较上的)等。例如:my former schoolmate我以前的同学,Inner Mongolia内蒙古,outer space外层空间,the upper lip上唇。 2. 形容词比较等级的基本用法 情况 原级常用于“as+原级+as”结构 例 句 In America, the development of social skills is considered as important as the development of intellectual skills. 在美国,人们认为培养社交能力与培养智力一样重要。 This swimming pool is as wide as it is long. 这个游泳池宽度和长度相等。 Tony is as clever a boy as his brother. 托尼是一个和他兄弟一样聪明的男孩。 比较级常用于“比较级+than”结构 He has certainly made more successful films than any other director in the west. 无疑,他比西方其他任何一个导演拍摄的电影都成功得多。 I think finding information on the Net is more convenient than searching for books in a library. 我认为从网上查找信息比在图书馆里查阅书籍方便得多。 We all know that nothing is more important than health. 我们都知道,没有什么比健康更重要。 最高级常用于“the+最高级+比较范围”结构 Nelson Mandela is one of the world’s most famous people. 尼尔逊·曼德拉是世界上最伟大的名人之一。 Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. 南极洲是地球上最冷的地方。 Australia is one of the youngest nations in the world. 澳大利亚是世界上最年轻的国家之一。 China may have the largest number of English speakers. 中国说英语的人也许是最多的。 The Spring Festival is themost important holiday for the Chinese people. 春节对中国人来说是最重要的节日。
小贴士: 英语里not as/so...as...结构可转换为“less+原级+than”来表达,意义无甚区别。例如:“北京夏天没有武汉热。”可以译为:① In summer it is not as / so hot in Beijing as in Wuhan. ② In summer it is less hot in Beijing than in Wuhan.
注:
1)英语里有大量由as...as结构组成的成语,例如:
as busy as a bee 忙如蜜蜂 as bright as day 亮如白昼 as cold as ice 寒冷如冰 as fat as a pig 体胖如猪
as light as feather轻如鸿毛 as loud as thunder 声如雷鸣 as strong as a horse 体壮如牛 as quick as lightning迅如闪电 as firm as a rock 稳如磐石 as white as snow 洁白如雪 2)在同等比较时,若出现形容词修饰单数可数名词,其语序为:as + adj. + a + n. + as,例如:I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.我想要你能像我一样活得健康长寿。
3)many more 与much more的用法不同。much more后既可接不可数名词,又可接形容词或副词构成比较级;many more后接可数名词复数。试比较:Tom is much more healthy than Peter. Although Peter has much more money, yet he has not got so many more years to live. 汤姆比彼得身体健康得多,尽管彼得有更多的钱,但他没有多少年的活头儿了。
4)有时than从句可以省略,例如:Traveling from place to place is now so much cheaper and easier. 现在到各地去旅游越来越便宜,越来越容易。(北师大③U9) South Island is cooler and has a higher rainfall. 南岛气候较凉爽,雨量较多。(北师大②U4)
5)在某个特定的范围内与其他同类事物进行对比时,可用比较级形式表示最高级含义:
any other+单数名词
比较级+than+ the other+复数名词 anyone / anything else any of the other+复数名词 例如:
He is taller than the other students / anyone else / any of the other students in his class. 他比他班其他任何学生都高。
Auckland is called the “city of sails” because it has more boats than anywhere else in the world. 奥克兰被称为“风帆之都”,因为这里的帆船比世界上任何其他地方都多。
6)形容词最高级most前加a或不加冠词,意为“非常”。例如:This is a most important meeting. 这是一个非常重要的会议。I am most happy to get your e-mail. 我非常高兴收到你的电子邮件。We found the filmmost interesting. 我们发现这部电影极其有趣。
7)形容词最高级与at一起构成许多固定搭配。例如:at best 充其量,at least 至少,at (the) most 至多,at the earliest 最早,at latest 最迟。
8)形容词的比较级前可以加any, no, some, much, a lot, far, by far, a bit, a little, slightly, even, still, twice, „times等修饰词语,表示程度。例如:I’m feeling slightly / a bit / a little / a lot / much / far better today. 形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far, almost, nearly
等。
9)形容词比较级前一般不用冠词,但如果出现像形容词最高级那样表示范围的短语时,就需要加定冠词。例如:Of the two sisters, Mary is the cleverer.两个姐妹中,玛丽比较聪明。
10)“one of the+最高级+复数名词”作主语时,谓语要用单数形式。例如:One of the most well-known and well-loved types of comedy is called stand-up. 最著名而且最受喜爱的喜剧之一叫做单口相声。
11)在“the only one of the+最高级+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:He is the only one of the most famous singers who has been invited. 他是应邀的唯一的最著名的歌唱家。
12)“as + 形容词原级 + as„” 结构的变体形式是“ as + 形容词 + a + 单数名词 + as 或 as + many/much + 名词 + as ”。意为“„„和„„一样„„ \" 。例如:
I can’t afford as expensive a car as this. = I can’t afford a car as expensive as this. 我买不起这么贵的汽车。
3. 形容词比较等级的其他用法 情况 “比较级+and+比较级”和“more and more+原级”意为“越来越„” 例 句 I’m becoming slimmer and slimmer. 我变得越来越苗条了。 Radio, television and the Internet have made it easier for sounds to travel across cultures and styles have become more and more mixed. 收音机、电视和因特网使得声音更容易地穿过文化界限,而风格变得越来越融合。 more than用在数词前,相当于over,意为“超过„”、“„多”。no more than意为“不过”、“仅仅”、“同„一样不” the more ... the more意为“越„,越„” more ... than用来把两种品质加以比较,意为“更多„而不是”、“与其说„,倒不如说” less than用在数词前,All at once, the sky was covered with dark clouds and 意为“不到”、“少于”;in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. I was getting more and moreannoyed and of course,the On the grounds, there are more than 900 halls and rooms. 地面上有900多间大厅和房间。 moreupset I got,the less I was able to concentrate. 我越来越烦躁。当然,越烦就越难以集中精力。 She is more frightened than hurt. 与其说她受伤了,倒不如说她受惊了。 no less than意为“多达”、“不少于”
突然,天空被乌云笼罩,刹那间,我们被卷入可怕的暴风雨中。 考点五:形容词的同义词及易混词辨析 形容词 a most, the most 辨义 the most 是形容词的最高级用法;而most还可表示“非常,很, 相当”,意为very, 用于加强语气,不表示比较,前面加不定冠词a。 alone, lonely alone独自一人的,没有别的同伴,只是陈述一个客观事实;lonely则是一种感觉,有感情色彩,意为“寂静,冷清的”。 alive, living, alive 是表语形容词,一般live,lively 用作后置定语。,意为“活着的,有活力的”; living 既可作表语又可作前置定语,意为“活着的”; live 仅作定语。表示“活的,有生命的”,用于修饰动植物,修饰人时,表示“有活力的”; lively表示“快活He is the best writer alive, I should say. 我认为他是在世的最好的作家。 He bought a fish alive. 他买了一条活鱼。 Of all living writers, he is the most popular among young people. 在所有健在的作家中,他是最受年轻人欢迎的作家。 Are your grandparents still living? 例句 The book is the most interesting one I have read. 这本书是我读过的最有趣的一本。 Shanghai is a most beautiful city. = Shanghai is a very beautiful city. 上海是一座很美的城市。 He was all alone, but he did not feel lonely.他单独一个人,但他不感到很孤单。 的,愉快的,生机勃勃的”。 你祖父母还健在吗? That is a live fish. 那是条活鱼。 It was a live broadcast, not a recording. 那是现场直播, 不是录音。 anxious与eager anxious强调“焦虑”“担心”,对结果表示不安;eager强调某些积极的上进精神,意为“急切的,渴望担心”之意。 common, general, common侧重“普通”,表示a common saying俗语 ordinary, usual “时时发生,人所共有”,a common wish一个共同愿望 并含有“并不高贵,地位低下”之意味,其反义词为an ordinary event/ person 一件极平常的事/一个普通人 We were anxious to know the result of the exam. 我们急着想知道考试结果。 She listened with eager attention. 的”,但eager无“焦急,她聚精会神地倾听。 rare;general侧重“普He sat in his usual chair the whole 遍”含义,表示受到关注,morning. 整个早上,他都坐在他常坐其反义词为specific;ordinary与common基本同的椅子上。 It’s a common word. 义,侧重“平凡的,普通这是一个常见的字。 的”,表示随便可以碰到, The general opinion is in favour of 不值得惊奇;usual用来指事物,意为“通常的,惯常us. 舆论普遍对我们有利 That is only an ordinary incident. 的”,其反义词为unusual。 那只不过是日常小事。 fast, quick, rapid 三个词都有“快”的意思。She was a fast weaver and the cloth fast指运动的人或物自身was very good.她织布织得很快, 而且的速度或频率快;quick指不耽搁的意思;rapid指“急速的”常指进展速度快。 bad, ill, evil, 这四个词都是“坏的,恶wrong 布的质量很好。 English.他们的英语进步很快。 He made a quick answer at once. 他立刻做出了快速回答。 He speaks bad English. 他说的英“迅速的”,指立刻行动,They have made rapid progress in 的”意思。bad意为“坏的,语很蹩脚。 恶的”,为最常用词;ill What bad luck! 真不走运! 意为“不健康的,恶的”,He was too ill to eat much. 作定语,与evil同义,但他病得吃不下什么东西。 语气弱;evil意为“邪恶的”, 指道德上的恶,语He is an evil man with evil ideas and leads an evil life. 气强;wrong意为“不当的,他是一个满脑子恶念头的邪恶的人, 邪恶的”,含“逾越常规过着一种罪恶的生活。 的,违反法规与道德的,错误的”等意思。 pleasing, pleased, pleasing指某物或某人pleasant “使他人高兴,招人喜爱”;pleased指外物作用于人的感官,使人感到“高兴,满意,喜欢”;pleasant意为“愉快的,舒畅的,非常好的,讨人喜欢的,风趣的。 quiet, silent, quiet着重指“宁静的”“静止的”“没有忧虑的”状态;silent“无声的”“沉默的”“寂静的”;still“寂静的”,主要是指没有动作;calm“安静的”,主要指天气、海洋等的平静状态和人“镇静的”“不激动” true, real, actual 这三个词都有“真的”的still, calm You are wrong. 你错了。 The student has a pleasing manner.那个学生的举止讨人喜欢。 I am quite pleased that she has got such a good opportunity. 她有这么个好机会,我非常高兴。 He talked in a pleasant way.他讲话很风趣。 He lived a quiet life in that small village. 他在那个小村子里过着宁静的生活。 He kept silent. 他保持沉默。 They stood there still. 他们一动不动地站在那里。 The sea is calm now. 海上现在风平浪静。 She has some jewelry made of real 意思。true指与事实相符;diamond. real指实实在在的东西,与想象或伪装的区别开来,即不是假的;actual指实际存在的。 worth, worthwhile worthy, 这三个词均可表示“值得她的一些首饰是真钻石做的。 It is true that he has gone abroad. 他真的出国了。 In actual fact, he failed the exam. 实际上,他考试未通过。 It isn’t worth the trouble.的”。worth 通常只作表 不值得费那个神。 语,不作定语;worthy 和 The film is well worth seeing. 这 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。worth 不用 very 修饰,但可用 well,而 worthy 和 worthwhile 则可以用副词very修饰。 部电影很值得一看。 His behavior is worthy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。 He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。 Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。 It is not worthwhile seeing this film again. 这部电影不值得再看一次。
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