您的当前位置：首页正文

2018年专业英语八级真题及答案解析

来源：易榕旅网

2018年专业英语八级真题及答案解析

(1~15/共15题)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. while listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but yon will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. when the lecture is over, yon will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Play00:0007:30 Volume

Language and Humanity

Language is powerful and it can help us do or get things as we wish. Language as a born trait

Language has evolved only in__1__

Comparison between chimpanzees and human beings: -Chimpanzees -use of tools: once seen as a sign of__2__ -inability to__3__ -tendency to__4__ -Human beings

-able to improve and build on__5__ -able to__6__ideas

Language and social learning

Problem of social learning:__7__ -Cause:

-stealing others´ ideas by__8__ -Solution:

-__9__developed to share ideas Results

-__10__made available to every individual

-language as social technology to enhance__11__ Language and the modern world

Existence of many different languages has led to -separation of cooperative groups -__12__

-knowledge protection

-slow flow of ideas and tendency toward__13__ Globalization needs__14__. __15__hinder cooperation.

Solution: one world with one language 第1题第2题第3题第4题第5题第6题

第7题第8题第9题第10题第11题第12题第13题第14题第15题下一题

(16~20/共10题)SECTION BIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your ANSWER SHEET. Play00:0004:26 Volume 第16题

A.Announcement of results. B.Lack of a time schedule. C.Slowness in ballots counting. D.Direction of the electoral events.

第17题

A.Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so. B.The date had been set previously. C.All the ballots had been counted. D.The UN advised them to do so. 第18题

A.To calm the voters.

B.To speed up the process. C.To stick to the election rules.

D.To stop complaints from the loser. 第19题

A.Unacceptable. B.Unreasonable. C.Insensible. D.Ill-considered.

第20题

A.Supportive. B.Ambivalent. C.Opposed. D.Neutral.

上一题下一题

(21~25/共10题)SECTION BIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your ANSWER SHEET.

Play00:0004:44 Volume 第21题

A.Ensure the government includes all parties. B.Discuss who is going to be the winner. C.Supervise the counting of votes.

D.Seek support from important sectors. 第22题

A.36% -24%. B.46%-34%. C.56%-44%. D.66%-54%.

第23题

A.Both candidates. B.Electoral institutions. C.The United Nations. D.Not specified. 第24题

A.It was unheard of. B.It was on a small scale. C.It was insignificant. D.It occurred elsewhere.

第25题

A.Problems in the electoral process. B.Formation of a new government. C.Premature announcement of results. D.Democracy in Afghanistan.

上一题下一题

(26~30/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. (1)\"Britain´s best export,\" I was told by the head of the Department of Immigration in Canberra ,\"is people. \" Close on 100,000 people have applied for assisted passages in the first five months of that year, and half of these are eventually expected to migrate to Australia.

(2)The Australians are delighted. They are keenly aware that without a strong flow of immigrants into the workforce the development of the Australian economy is unlikely to proceed at the ambitious pace currently envisaged. The new mineral discoveries promise a splendid future, and the injection of huge amounts of American and British capital should help to ensure that they are properly exploited, but with unemployment in Australia down to less than 1.3 per

cent, the government is understandably anxious to attract more skilled labor.

(3)Australia is roughly the same size as the continental United States, but has only twelve million inhabitants. Migration has accounted for half the population increase in the last four years, and has contributed greatly to the country´s impressive economic development. Britain has always been the principal source—ninety per cent of Australians are of British descent, and Britain has provided one million migrants since the Second World War.

(4)Australia has also given great attention to recruiting people elsewhere. Australians decided they had an excellent potential source of applicants among the so-called \"guest workers\" who have crossed their own frontiers to work in other parts of Europe. There were estimated to be more than four million of them, and a large number were offered subsidized passages and guaranteed jobs in Australia. Italy has for some years been the second biggest source of migrants, and the Australians have also managed to attract a large number of Greeks and Germans.

(5)One drawback with them, so far as the Australians are concerned, is that integration tends to be more difficult. Unlike the British, continental migrants have to struggle with an unfamiliar language and new customs. Many naturally gravitate towards the Italian or Greek communities which have grown up in cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. These colonies have their own newspapers, their own shops, and their own clubs. Their inhabitants are not Australians, but Europeans.

(6)The government´s avowed aim, however, is to maintain \"a substantially homogeneous society into which newcomers, from whatever sources, will merge themselves\". By and large, therefore, Australia still prefers British migrants, and tends to be rather less selective in their case than it is with others.

(7)A far bigger cause of concern than the growth of national groups, however, is the increasing number of migrants who return to their countries of origin. One reason is that people nowadays tend to be more mobile, and that it is easier than in the past to save the return fare, but economic conditions also have something to do with it. A slower rate of growth invariably produces discontent—and if this coincides with greater prosperity in Europe, a lot of people tend to feel that perhaps they were wrong to come here after all.

(8)Several surveys have been conducted recently into the reasons why people go home. One noted that \"flies, dirt, and outside lavatories\" were on the list of complaints from British immigrants, and added that many people also complained about \" the crudity, bad manners, and unfriendliness of the Australians\". Another survey gave climate conditions, homesickness, and \" the stark appearance of the Australian countryside\" as the main reasons for leaving.

(9)Most British migrants miss council housing, the National Health scheme, and their relatives and former neighbors. Loneliness is a big factor, especially among housewives. The men soon make new friends at work, but wives tend to find it much harder to get used to a different way of life. Many are housebound because of inadequate public transport in most outlying suburbs, and regular correspondence with their old friends at home only serves to increase their discontent. One housewife was quoted recently as saying: \" I even find I miss the people I used to hate at home. \"

(10)Rents are high, and there are long waiting lists for Housing Commission homes. Sickness can be an expensive business and the climate can be unexpectedly rough. The gap between Australian and British wage packets is no longer big, and people are generally expected to work harder here than they do at home. Professional men over forty often have difficulty in finding a

decent job. Above all, perhaps, skilled immigrants often find a considerable reluctance to accept their qualifications.

(11)According to the journal Australian Manufacturer, the attitude of many employers and fellow workers is anything but friendly. \" We Australians,\" it stated in a recent issue, \" are just too fond of painting the rosy picture of the big, warm-hearted Aussie. As a matter of fact, we are so busy blowing our own trumpets that we have not got time to be warm-hearted and considerate. Go down ´ heart-break alley´ among some of the migrants and find out just how expansive the Aussie is to his immigrants. \"

第26题

The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because______. A.immigrants speed up economic expansion B.unemployment is down to a low figure C.immigrants attract foreign capital

D.Australia is as large as the United States

第27题

Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because______. A.they are selected carefully before entry B.they are likely to form national groups C.they easily merge into local communities D.they are fond of living in small towns

第28题

In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author______. A.stresses their economic motives

B.emphasizes the variety of their motives C.stresses loneliness and homesickness

D.emphasizes the difficulties of men over forty 第29题

Which of the following words is used literally, not metaphorically? A.flow(Para. 2). B.injection(Para. 2). C.gravitate(Para. 5). D.selective(Para. 6).

第30题

Para. 11 pictures the Australians as______. A.unsympathetic B.ungenerous

C.undemonstrative D.unreliable 上一题下一题

(31~35/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1)Some of the advantages of bilingualism include better performance at tasks involving \" executive function\"(which involves the brain´s ability to plan and prioritize), better defense against dementia in old age and—the obvious—the ability to speak a second language. One purported advantage was not mentioned, though. Many multilinguals report different personalities, or even different worldviews, when they speak their different languages. (2)It´s an exciting notion, the idea that one´s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages. In obvious ways(exposure to new friends, literature and so forth)the self really is broadened. Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language. A former Economist colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English. So what is going on here?

(3)Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers. Often called \" Whorfianism\" , this idea has its sceptics, but there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.

(4)This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language. Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual. Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school. So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language. For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap(answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer)than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking. No wonder people feel different when speaking them. And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.

(5)What of \"crib\" bilinguals, raised in two languages? Even they do not usually have perfectly symmetrical competence in their two languages. But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability, there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages. This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.

(6)Many bilinguals are not bicultural. But some are. And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages. Experiments in psychology have shown the power of \"priming\"—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways. Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood. The choice between two languages is a huge prime. Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home. Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.

(7)So there are two very good reasons(asymmetrical ability, and priming)that make people feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though. An economist recently interviewed here at Prospero, Athanasia Chalari, said for example that:

Greeks are very loud and they interrupt each other very often. The reason for that is the Greek grammar and syntax. When Greeks talk they begin their sentences with verbs and the form of the verb includes a lot of information so you already know what they are talking about after the first word and can interrupt more easily.

(8)Is there something intrinsic to the Greek language that encourages Greeks to interrupt?

People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages´ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. But language myths are not always self-flattering: many speakers think their languages are unusually illogical or difficult—witness the plethora of books along the lines of \" Only in English do you park on a driveway and drive on a parkway: English must be the craziest language in the world!\" We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French, rigorous: German, logical: English, playful. Of course.

(9)In this case, Ms Chalari, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line of causation from grammar to personality: in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting. The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences. Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs. It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more prone to interrupting each other. Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists. 第31题

According to the author, which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted?

A.Personality improvement. B.Better task performance. C.Change of worldviews.

D.Avoidance of old-age disease.

第32题

According to the passage, that language influences thought may be related to______. A.the vocabulary of a second language B.the grammar of a second language

C.the improved test performance in a second language D.the slowdown of thinking in a second language 第33题

What is the author´s response to the question at the beginning of Para. 8? A.It´s just one of the popular tales of national stereotypes. B.Some properties inherent can make a language logical. C.German and French are good examples of Whorfianism. D.There is adequate evidence to support a positive answer. 第34题

In discussing the issue, the author´s attitude is______. A.satirical B.objective C.critical D.ambivalent

上一题下一题

(36~39/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1)Once across the river and into the wholesale district, she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was—a wage-seeker. She had never done this thing before and lacked courage. To avoid conspicuity and a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for some place where she might apply for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand. In this way she passed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last, after several blocks of walking, she felt that this would not do, and began to look about again, though without relaxing her pace. A little way on she saw a great door which for some reason attracted her attention. It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors. \"Perhaps,\" she thought, \"they may want someone\" and crossed over to enter, screwing up her courage as she went. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal, she observed a young gentleman in a grey clerk suit, fumbling his watch-chain and looking out. That he had anything to do with the concern she could not tell, but because he happened to be looking in her direction, her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by, too overcome with shame to enter in. After several blocks of walking, in which the uproar of the streets and the novelty of the situation had time to wear away the effect of her first defeat, she again looked about. Over the way stood a great six-story structure labeled \" Storm and King,\" which she viewed with rising hope. It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors. This place she decided to enter, no matter what. She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance. As she did so two men came out and paused in the door. A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps which graced the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them.

(2)So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. She could scarcely understand her weakness and yet she could not think of gazing inquiringly about upon the surrounding scene. Her feet carried her mechanically forward, every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made. Block after block passed by. Upon street lamps at the various corners she read names such as Madison, Monroe, La Salle, Clark, Dearborn: and still she went, her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging. She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean. The morning sun shining down with steadily increasing warmth made the

shady side of the streets pleasantly cool. She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realization of its charm than had ever come to her before.

(3)Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way. She turned back along the street she had come, resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter in. On the way she encountered a great wholesale shoe company, through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive department, hidden by frosted glass. Without this enclosure, but just within the street entrance, sat a grey-haired gentleman at a small table, with a large open ledger of some kind before him. She walked by this institution several times hesitating, but finding herself unobserved she eventually gathered sufficient courage to falter past the screen door and stood humbly waiting.

(4)\"Well, young lady,\" observed the old gentleman, looking at her somewhat kindly—\"what is it you wish?\"

(5)\"I am, that is, do you—I mean, do you need any help?\" she stammered.

(6)\"Not just at present,\" he answered smiling. \"Not just at present. Come in sometime next week. Occasionally we need someone. \"

(7)She received the answer in silence and backed awkwardly out. The pleasant nature of her reception rather astonished her. She had expected that it would be more difficult, that something cold and harsh would be said—she knew not what. That she had not been put to shame and made to feel her unfortunate position seemed remarkable. She did not realize that it was just this which made her experience easy, but the result was the same. She felt greatly relieved.

(8)Somewhat encouraged, she ventured into another large structure. It was a clothing company, and more people were in evidence. (9)An office boy approached her.

(10)\"Who is it you wish to see?\" he asked. (11)\"I want to see the manager,\" she returned.

(12)He ran away and spoke to one of a group of three men who were conferring together. One broke off and came towards her.

(13)\"Well?\" he said, coldly. The greeting drove all courage from her at once. (14)\"Do you need any help?\" she stammered.

(15)\"No,\" he replied abruptly and turned upon his heel.

(16)She went foolishly out, the office boy deferentially swinging the door for her, and gladly sank into the obscuring crowd. It was a severe set-back to her recently pleased mental state. 第36题

She quickened her steps because she______. A.was afraid of being seen as a stranger B.was in a hurry to leave the district

C.wanted to look like someone working there D.wanted to apply at more factories that day 第37题 Why didn´t she enter Storm and King the first time? A.She was too timid to enter the building. B.Two men stopped her at the entrance. C.Several pedestrians had found her strange.

D.The messenger had closed the door behind him.

第38题

What does \"every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made\" mean according to the context(Para. 2)?

A.She thought she was making progress in job search. B.She was glad that she was looking for a job. C.She found her experience satisfactory. D.She just wanted to leave the place. 第39题

Why did she feel greatly relieved(Para. 7)?

A.She eventually managed to enter the building. B.She was kindly received by the clerk. C.She had the courage to make an inquiry. D.She was promised a work position.

上一题下一题

(1/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第40题

What do \"promise\" and \"should\" in Para. 2 imply about the author´s vision of Australia´s economy? ______

上一题下一题

(2/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第41题

Explain the meaning of \"the growth of national groups\" according to the context(Para. 7). _______

上一题下一题

(3/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第42题

Explain the meaning of \"The choice between two languages is a huge prime. \" according to the context(Para. 6). _______ 上一题下一题

(4/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第43题

What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages? _________ 上一题下一题

(5/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A.

Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第44题

What does the author focus on in the passage? _______ 上一题下一题

(6/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第45题

Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para. I describing the girl´s inner feelings while walking in the streets looking for a job. ______

上一题下一题

(7/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第46题

Explain the meaning of \"So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. \" according to the context(Para. 2). _____

上一题下一题

(8/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第47题

In \"It was a severe set-back to her recently pleased mental state. \"(Para. 16), what does \"her recently pleased mental state\" refer to according to the context? _____ 上一题下一题

(48~57/共10题)PART III LANGUAGE USAGE

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It

may take the form of broadcast media, as in case of television and__48__ radio, or print media, as newspapers and magazines. __49__

Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers a much small population and area, focusing on regional news of__50__ interest, specialty media is provided for particular demographic__51__ groups. Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news

may raise to prominence thanks to their investigative journalism, and__52__ to the clout that their particular regions have in the national politics. People often think of mass media as the news, it also includes__53__ entertainment like television shows, books, and films. It may also be educational in the nature, as in the instance of public broadcasting_54__ stations that provide educational programs to a national audience. Political communications including propaganda are also frequently

distributed through the media, as were public service announcements__55__ and emergency alerts.

When elitists may be tempted to sneer at mass media, referring__56__

to it as the \"opiate of the masses\

societies. Understanding mass media is usually the key to understand__57__ a population and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge.

第48题第49题第50题第51题第52题第53题第54题第55题第56题第57题

上一题下一题

(1/1)PART IV TRANSLATION

第58题

文学书籍起码使我们的内心可以达到这样的三感：善感、敏感和美感。生活不如意时，文学书籍给我们提供了可以达到一种比现实更美好的境界——书里面的水可能比我们现实生活中的水要清，天比我们现实中的天要蓝；现实中没有完美的爱情，但在书里有永恒的《梁山伯与祝英台》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。读书，会弥补我们现实生活中所存在的不堪和粗糙。 ____________ 上一题下一题

(1/1)PART V WRITING

第59题

The following are two excerpts about perfection. Read the two excerpts carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize the main ideas in the two excerpts, and then

2. express your opinion on perfection, especially on whether aiming for perfection matters in whatever you do.

You can support yourself with information from the excerpts.

Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt 1

Headmistress tells pupils not to fret about exams

Pupils should not worry about their exam results because no one will remember them in years to come, the head of a leading girls´ school has said.

Judith Carlisle, headmistress of Oxford High School, said there was no point fretting over GCSEs because no one will \"give a damn\" about results—and because they don´t reflect character.

She is running a \" Death of Little Miss Perfect\" initiative at the private school to combat perfectionism in her students.

\"Perfectionism is only captured in a moment—it´s not achievable longer term,\" she said. \"It undermines self-esteem and then performance. \"

Miss Carlisle said that students don´t always need to aim for 100 per cent, and if they do need an A grade to attend their university of choice, it´s not necessary to get the highest A possible. She said: \"It matters, but sometimes it probably won´t matter. It´s important[the girls are]not going for things that if they don´t get it, it will destroy them. Exams aren´t who they are—it´s what they did on that day. \" She said: \"There´s unhelpful perfectionism as opposed to high standards. It´s not that we´re aiming to undermine high standards—it will actually help you achieve higher standards. \" Excerpt 2

THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION

The pursuit of perfection is a strategy for motivating organizations to innovate and reach levels of improvement and performance not previously seen as possible. Leveraging the pursuit of perfection as a strategy was developed and refined by quality leaders such as Bob Galvin and Paul O´Neill, and it has led to success in industries including health care, telecommunications, and manufacturing.

Prior to serving as U. S. Secretary of the Treasury, Paul O´Neill was one of the most successful industrial leaders of the 20th century. As CEO of Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, he proposed and demanded a radical goal: zero work-loss incidents. No one would be hurt working at Alcoa. Alcoa moved toward perfection, becoming the safest industrial company in the world—as well as the most successful aluminum producer in the world. Paul O´Neill has developed a revolutionary kind of leadership—one that centers around the pursuit of perfection. _____________________

上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析

Language and Humanity

Language is powerful and it can help us do or get things as we wish. Language as a born trait

Language has evolved only in__1__

Comparison between chimpanzees and human beings: -Chimpanzees -use of tools: once seen as a sign of__2__ -inability to__3__ -tendency to__4__ -Human beings

-able to improve and build on__5__

-able to__6__ideas

Language and social learning

Problem of social learning:__7__ -Cause:

-stealing others´ ideas by__8__ -Solution:

-__9__developed to share ideas Results

-__10__made available to every individual

-language as social technology to enhance__11__ Language and the modern world

Existence of many different languages has led to -separation of cooperative groups -__12__

-knowledge protection

-slow flow of ideas and tendency toward__13__ Globalization needs__14__. __15__hinder cooperation.

Solution: one world with one language [听力原文]

Language and Humanity

Good morning, everyone. In today´s lecture, we´re going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful. It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else´s mind. Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want. And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.

(1)Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, humans´ ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species? In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.(2)Chimpanzees can use tools, and we take that phenomenon as a sign of their intelligence. But if they really were intelligent, why would they crack open nuts with a rock? Why wouldn´t they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them? Why not? I mean, that´s what we do.

The reason the chimpanzees don´t do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.(3)That is, they seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching. As a result, they can´t improve on others´ ideas, learn from others´ mistakes, or even benefit from others´ wisdom.(4)And so they just do the same thing over and over and over again. In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same rocks to crack open the nuts.

Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old saying \"monkey see, monkey do,\" the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that—at least not very much. But by comparison, we humans can learn. We can learn by watching other people and copying or

imitating what they can do. We can then choose, from among a range of options available, the best one.(5)We can benefit from others´ ideas. We can build on their wisdom.(6)And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our technology progresses. And this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday life. I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago. And all of this is because of cumulative cultural adaptation. For instance, the chairs you´re sitting in today, the lights in this lecture hall, my microphone, the iPads and the smart phones that you carry around with you—all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation.

(7)But, our acquisition of social learning would create an evolutionary dilemma, and the solution to the dilemma, it´s fair to say, would determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the entire world. And most importantly for this, it´ll tell us why we have language.

And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft.(8)What I mean is, if I can learn by watching you, I can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your efforts, without having to put in the same time and energy that you did into developing them. Social learning really is visual theft. And in any species that acquired it, it would encourage you to hide your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you.

And so some time around 200,000 years ago, our species confronted this crisis.(9)And we chose to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others.(10)Choosing this option would mean that a vastly greater fund of knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one individual than would ever arise from within an individual family or an individual person on their own. Well, language is the result.

Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft.(11)Language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperation—for reaching agreements, for striking deals and for coordinating our activities. And you can see that, in a developing society that was beginning to acquire language, not having language would be like a bird without wings.

As I said at the beginning, language really is the voice of our genes. But, as we spread out around the world, we developed thousands of different languages. Currently, there are about seven or 8,000 different languages spoken on Earth. And then another problem occurred.(12)It seems that we use our language, not just to cooperate, but to draw rings around our cooperative groups and to establish identities, and perhaps to protect our knowledge and wisdom and skills from being stolen from outside. And we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures, we see that different languages slow the flow of ideas between groups.

(13)(14-1)Okay, this tendency we have, this seemingly natural tendency we have, goes towards isolation, towards keeping everything to ourselves, whereas our modern world is communicating with itself and with each other more than it has at any time in its past.(14-2)And that communication, that connectivity around the world, that globalization now raises a burden.(15)Because these different languages impose a barrier, as we´ve just seen, to the transfer of goods and ideas and technologies and wisdom. And they impose a barrier to cooperation.

What will be the solution? In a world in which we want to promote cooperation and exchange, and in a world that might be dependent more than ever before on cooperation to maintain and

enhance our levels of prosperity, I think it might be inevitable that we have to confront the idea that our destiny is to be one world with one language. What do you think of the solution? Okay, in today´s lecture, I have presented to you how language shapes our humanity, what kind of dilemma social learning has created, and the possible solutions to the dilemma. In our next lecture, I am going to talk about lingua franca and its functions.

第1题

参考答案： humans／human species

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座开头提到，语言是可以进化的，而且，只有在人类这一物种中，语言才发生了进化。由于原文中该句之前已经出现了humans’ability，因此，句子后半部分使用了in our species这一表达。如果仅填入our species则比较模糊，因此将our species 转换为humans，或是human species。第2题

参考答案： intelligence

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中明确提到大猩猩可以使用工具，我们认为这是一种信号，可以证明大猩猩是有智慧的，因此答案为intelligence。第3题

参考答案： learn from others

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中说，虽然大猩猩能够使用工具，拥有智慧，但它们只会重复性的动作，没有能力进行social learning，也就是说，它们无法通过模仿或观察来从其他人那里进行学习。根据题干中的inability进行定位，可以确认答案为原文中的learn from others。第4题

参考答案： repeat

详细解答：细节推断题。讲座中说，由于不能够进行social learning，大猩猩无法从别人的错误中吸取教训，也无法学习别人的智慧经验，所以，它们总是在重复地进行同样的行为。恐怕几百万年过去了，它们还是在重复同样的简单动作，而没有任何的进化。原文中的do the same thing over and over and over again与题干空格处的意思相符，但字数不符合要求。因此，将原文简化为repeat。第5题

参考答案： others’wisdom／other people´s wisdom

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中说，人类是可以学习、发展的。人类可以从他人的想法中受益，也可以在前人的智慧上继续发展。原文中的their wisdom不适合直接当作答案，需要将其改写为others’wisdom或other people´s wisdom。第6题

参考答案： accumulate

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中说，由于人类可以学习这一特性，我们的想法是可以累积的，我们的技术是可以持续发展的。因此，accumulate为答案。第7题

参考答案： an evolutionary dilemma

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中说到social learning的不良后果之一便是会造成一个evolutionary dilemma。原文中的an evolutionary dilemma可以直接填入空格。第8题

参考答案： watching others／watching other people

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲话者对visual theft进行了解释，他说，由于人类通过视觉可以

学习，就可以省略掉获得成果的过程中需要付出的努力，不需要再次付出大量时间和精力，这便形成了视觉偷窃。因此答案为watching others／watching other people。第9题

参考答案： systems of communication

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲话者提到，为了应对visual theft这一问题，人类又发展出了systems of communication——沟通体系，使我们能够交换思想、相互协作。因此，systems of communication为答案。第10题

参考答案： knowledge and wisdom

详细解答：细节辨认题。由于沟通体系的建立，人类可以互通有无，获得大量的知识和智慧。由于字数限制，去掉原文中形容数量的a vastly greater fund of，仅保留knowledge and wisdom作为答案。第11题

参考答案： benefits of cooperation

详细解答：细节辨认题。语言无疑是沟通体系的一部分，由于有了语言，人类可以更好地从合作中获益。由原文中的enhancing可以定位答案，但由于答案有字数限制，所以去掉冠词the，仅保留benefits of cooperation。第12题

参考答案： identity establishment／establishment of identities

详细解答：细节辨认题。讲座中指出，语言给人类带来了诸多便利，除了相互协作，语言还在不同集体之间设置了界限，确立了身份，进行了知识保护；当然，由于世界上的语言并不统一，不同语言间的思想并不能即时汇集，这减缓了不同文化间思想传递的速度。针对本题，原文中对应的内容为establish identities，但题干中几个并列条目都是名词性短语，因此，需要将动词短语进行转换，故答案为identity establishment或establishment of identities。第13题

参考答案： isolation

详细解答：细节辨认题。由于语言种类多样，不同语言群体之间的交流并不顺畅，从而导致了某种孤立倾向。由原文中的tendency进行定位，可知isolation为答案。第14题

参考答案： communication

详细解答：细节推断题。语言不同，导致不同群体之间的孤立，但全球化的进程，世界之间的紧密联系，都需要沟通与交流。由此推断，全球化进程需要communication。第15题

参考答案： Different languages 详细解答：细节辨认题。讲话者提到，语言的不同是一种障碍，影响不同群体之间的合作，因此，Different languages为答案，注意首字母大写。题干中的hinder是原文中impose a barrier的同义转述。下一题

W: Good evening, listeners. This is BBC. Today, we are very delighted to have invited James Dobbins, U.S. special representative for Afghanistan, to tell us the electoral process in Afghanistan currently. Well, James, how are you reading what´s happening in Afghanistan at the moment? M:(1)We´re concerned about the trend in events. We have been concerned for some time that the electoral process hasn´t been moving forward smoothly. We believe there needs to be a powerful and transparent audit of potentially dishonest ballots and we´re sorry that hasn´t moved forward quickly and substantially enough. We regret the preliminary announcement of results that was made yesterday. We think that was premature given that there are still a number of ballots that need to be examined and there´s not yet a clear agreement on how best to do so. We do believe that...

W: Forgive me for interrupting, James. Can I ask you why you think that announcement was made yesterday?

M:(2)I think it was made because the electoral institutions had previously set that date and they held to it despite advice to the contrary from the UN, from the United States, and from other voices within Afghanistan, and we think that was unfortunate. W:(3)Is there another reason that could be slightly more favorable, that is, they wanted to prepare the ground because if they just came out with one final result at the end of all this, then it can be pretty likely that the loser, whoever it was going to be, was going to complain because they think it is unfair? M:(4)I think it´s our view that they didn´t have a basis for preparing the ground because there´s such a large number of votes that still need to be examined and that therefore any preliminary result might be more misleading than preparing the ground. W: In terms now of where this goes, we´ve already heard some very strong, very emotional language from the camp of the man who appears to be on the losing side of all this, Dr. Abdullah Abdullah. What have you been saying to him in order to try and calm those feelings?

M: Well, we have heard talk about establishing a parallel presidency.(5)We made clear that the United States and its partners are not in a position to support a divided Afghanistan. That any effort to establish a parallel presidency would make it impossible for the United States and its partners to continue their financial, economic and military support, and that the consequences for the country would be potentially quite terrible. Clearly, this is not something the Afghan population wants. It´s not something they were voting for. And it´s not something that they expect to happen, but it could be the consequences of an ill-considered action.

第16题

A.Announcement of results. B.Lack of a time schedule. C.Slowness in ballots counting. D.Direction of the electoral events.

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]Which aspect of the election event is the interviewee most concerned about?

细节辨认题。本题考查受采访者在阿富汗大选事件中最为忧心的事情。由“We’re concerned about the trend in events．”可知，受采访者最担心的是大选事件的整个走向，选项[D]中的direction是原文中的trend的同义转述。因此答案为[D]。第17题

A.Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so. B.The date had been set previously. C.All the ballots had been counted. D.The UN advised them to do so.

参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]Why was the announcement made yesterday, according to the interviewee?

细节辨认题。本题考查阿富汗大选部分结果于特定日期进行公布的原因。由“I think it was made because the electoral institutions had previously set that date and they held to it despite advice to the contrary from the UN，from the United States，and from other voices within Afghanistan，and we think that was unfortunate．”可知，虽然联合国、美国，以及阿富汗内部诸多方面都持反对态度，但仅仅是因为提前设定了公开发布的日期，大选机构仍然按原定计划将部分选举结果进行了公布。因此答案为[B]。第18题

A.To calm the voters.

B.To speed up the process. C.To stick to the election rules.

D.To stop complaints from the loser.

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]According to the BBC interviewer, why did the electoral institutions want to prepare the ground? 细节辨认题。本题考查采访者对于大选机构先公布选举的初步结果其背后原因的揣测。由“Is there another reason that could be slightly more favorable，that is，they wanted to prepare the ground because if they just came out with one final result at the end of all this，then it can be pretty likely that the loser，whoever it was going to be，was going to complain because they think it is unfair?”可知，采访者猜测，先公布部分选举结果，使参与竞选的双方对自己的形势有一定的心理准备，就不会因为突然之间传来失败的消息而在心理上无法接受，从而避免失败方出现不满言论。因此答案为[D]。第19题

A.Unacceptable. B.Unreasonable. C.Insensible. D.Ill-considered.

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What did the interviewee think of the BBC´s reason of preparing the ground?

观点态度题。本题考查受采访者对采访人所持观点的态度。当采访者提出自己的猜测后，受采访者说：“I think it’s our view that they didn’t have a basis for preparing the ground because there’s such a large number of votes that still need to be examined and that therefore any preliminary result might be more misleading than preparing the ground．”也就是说，他认为就目前的形势而言，大量选票的真实性是受到质疑的，竞选机构根本没有任何为竞选结果进行铺垫的基础，因此，这一观点是考虑不周的，故答案为[D]。第20题

A.Supportive.

B.Ambivalent. C.Opposed. D.Neutral.

参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What is the interviewee´s attitude towards establishing a parallel presidency?

观点态度题。本题考查受采访者对于阿富汗实行双政府的态度。由“We made clear that the United States and its partners are not in a position to support a divided Afghanistan．That any effort to establish a parallel presidency would make it impossible for the United States and its partners to continue their financial，economic and military support，and that the consequences for the country would be potentially quite terrible．”可知，美国对于在阿富汗实行双政府政策是持坚决反对态度的。双政府会导致阿富汗的分裂，美国以及国际上的诸多国家都会面临困难的选择，无法再继续对阿富汗提供经济、军事等方面的援助。因此答案为[C]。上一题下一题

(21~25/共10题)SECTION BIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your ANSWER SHEET. Play00:0004:44 Volume [听力原文]

W: Let me turn it on to the man who may end up the winner, Mr. Ashraf Ghani. What pressure, if any, are you trying to bring on him to ensure that whatever happens he tried to include Abdullah Abdullah, or Abdullah Abdullah´s people in any future government? M: We´re not making any assumptions about who might be the winner or who might be the loser, and we think it´s premature for anybody to be doing so.(6)We´ve made clear to both candidates that two things need to happen. First of all there needs to be a robust and transparent process for determining the winner, and there´s still a good deal of work to be done there. And secondly, we believe that both candidates need to begin discussing the formation of a government that would have the support of all important components and elements within the country, a government of national unity that would ensure that all of the significant sectors of Afghan society feel included. W: You´re saying it´s all a bit hasty to say whether one side or the other has won or lost. It is difficult, is it not, to see this result being overturned?(7)This is a flat margin of victory at the moment—56 percent to 44 percent. It would be extraordinary to see the result overturned in the space of a couple of weeks.

M: I think both candidates have agreed that there was extensive fraud in the electoral process. Both candidates have agreed that the suspect ballots need to be audited. They haven´t agreed on exactly how to go about that.(8)We believe it´s the responsibility of the electoral institutions to go ahead and conduct that kind of broad audit. Whether or not the candidates have agreed on every precise element of the process, they will have to do it. And we believe until they´ve done so, it´s premature to be coming to any judgments. W: It is worrying though, isn´t it? I suppose it was all too predictable that democracy is an imperfect thing in Afghanistan and that undoubtedly there has been fraud. We´ve heard all sorts of reports that project there has been a measure of fraud, and whoever was going to lose in this

election was going to say it´s been by unfair means.

M: I agree with you that Afghanistan is a relatively new democracy. The countries at this stage of democratic development often have difficulties of this sort, that there´s not a tradition of good losers in societies at this level of political development.(9)And in that sense, the problem we face is not unparalleled. There are other countries who have gone through similar difficulties. Nevertheless, the fact is that millions of Afghans went out and voted in the expectation that their vote would count, that numerous polls indicate that most Afghans are prepared to support either candidate as the victor, that most Afghans have said that they could accept the person they didn´t vote for winning the election if that was the result. So while the problems we face are not unparalleled, the Afghan voters expect something better. W: James, I´m so grateful to you. I hugely appreciate you answering it and answering all the other questions as well. M: Pleasure.

第21题

A.Ensure the government includes all parties. B.Discuss who is going to be the winner. C.Supervise the counting of votes.

D.Seek support from important sectors. 参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What does the interviewee think both candidates need to do?

细节推断题。本题考查受采访者对于竞选双方目前紧要任务的看法，由“We’ve made clear to both candidates that two things need to happen．First of all there needs to be a robust and transparent process for determining the winner， and there’s still a good deal of work to be done there．And secondly，we believe that bOth candidates need to begin discussing the formation of a government that would have the support of all important components and elements within the country，a government of national unity that would ensure that all of the significant sectors of Afghan society feel included．”可知，受采访者认为双方都应该就两方面做出努力，一方面是保证一个严格透明的竞选过程，从而保证选举的有效性，但这不代表双方要去监察计票工作，故排除[C]选项，第二件事便是竞选的双方应该坐下来对政府的构成进行讨论，确保新成立的政府能够将国家中所有重要的群体都包括在内，这与[D]选项内容相符，故[D]为答案。第22题

A.36% -24%. B.46%-34%. C.56%-44%. D.66%-54%.

参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What was the margin of victory at the time of the interview? 细节辨识题。本题考查竞选结果。由“This is a flat margin of victory at the moment—56 percent to 44 percent．”可知，竞选结果为56％一44％，因此答案为[C]。第23题

A.Both candidates. B.Electoral institutions. C.The United Nations.

D.Not specified.

参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]Who should be responsible for dealing with the fraud in the election? 细节理解题。本题考查受采访者认为应当由谁来对竞选过程中的欺诈问题负责。由“We believe it’s the responsibility of the electoral institutions to go ahead and conduct that kind of broad audit．Whether or not the candidates have agreed on every precise element of the process，they will have to do it．”可知，受采访者认为electoralinstitutions有责任进行全面审核，不管竞选双方对竞选过程的细节态度如何，这都是他们的职责所在，因此答案为[B]。第24题

A.It was unheard of. B.It was on a small scale. C.It was insignificant. D.It occurred elsewhere.

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What does the interviewee think of the problem in the Afghan election?

细节理解题。本题考查受采访者对阿富汗大选存在欺诈现象的看法，由“And in that sense，the problem we face is not unparalleled．There are other countries who have gone through similar difficulties．”可知，在阿富汗现阶段所出现的问题并不是前所未有的，在世界上其他国家也出现过类似情况。因此答案为[D]。第25题

A.Problems in the electoral process. B.Formation of a new government. C.Premature announcement of results. D.Democracy in Afghanistan.

参考答案： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析： [听力原文]What is the interview mainly about?

主旨大意题。本题考查访谈的主题。访谈开头，双方就谈到了阿富汗大选的趋势问题，由目前所公布的结果是基于可疑选票，两人进而谈到了进行这一信息发布的原因。受采访者认为此时谈论谁输谁赢还为时过早；接下来，在访谈第二部分，受采访者提到了竞选双方以及竞选责任机构都应该努力保证竞选的真实有效，美国以及诸多国际社会反对双政府的计划。最后，受采访者提到了阿富汗民众对其大选的看法。整个访谈围绕阿富汗大选展开，虽然也涉及到了新政府的构成、部分结果的提前公布以及阿富汗的民主现状，但这些都是由大选引出，因此，访谈的主题是阿富汗大选中所存在的问题。因此答案为[A]。上一题下一题

(26~30/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Canberra ,\"is people. \" Close on 100,000 people have applied for assisted passages in the first five months of that year, and half of these are eventually expected to migrate to Australia.

regular correspondence with their old friends at home only serves to increase their discontent. One housewife was quoted recently as saying: \" I even find I miss the people I used to hate at home. \"

The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because______. A.immigrants speed up economic expansion B.unemployment is down to a low figure C.immigrants attract foreign capital

D.Australia is as large as the United States 参考答案： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：细节理解题。根据题干关键词a strong flow of immigrants定位至原文第二段第二句。该句提到，如果没有大批的移民涌入，澳大利亚的经济就不可能以目前设想的节奏大踏步前进。可见移民对于加速发展澳大利亚的经济作用显著，故[A]为答案。[B]“失业率下降到极低的水平”只是补充说明澳大利亚在发展经济时可能遇到劳动力不足的问题，并不是吸引移民的根本原因，故排除；定位段虽然涉及到国外资金注入的话题，但并没有说这些资金与移民是否相关，故排除[C]；[D]“澳大利亚与美国一样大”是对第三段首句的曲解，原文意思是澳大利亚的面积与美国大陆面积大体相当，故排除[D]。第27题

参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词Australia prefers immigrants from Britain定位至原文第六段最后一句。作者在这一句中讲到澳大利亚更偏爱英国移民，对他们不像对其他国家移民那样挑剔，而本段第一句提到政府重视社会的同质化和移民的融入，第五段则说到了英国以外的其他国家移民适应社会的一些困难，甚至形成自己的小社群，这与政府的倡导相悖，可见澳大利亚偏爱英国移民的原因是他们更容易融入当地的社群和社会，故[C]为答案。[A]“他们在移民之前受到谨慎挑选”误解了第六段最后一句，原文恰恰是说英国移民不像其他国家移民那样受到严格挑选，故排除；根据第五段可知，容易形成国家群体的是欧洲大陆来的移民，而不是英国移民，故排除[B]；而[D]“他们喜欢生活在小城镇”在原文中没有依据，

故排除。第28题

In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author______. A.stresses their economic motives

B.emphasizes the variety of their motives C.stresses loneliness and homesickness

D.emphasizes the difficulties of men over forty 参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词why some migrants return定位至原文第七、八、九段。这三段中提到了欧洲人返乡的多重原因，包括对生活环境的不满，对澳大利亚人行为举止的不满，经济上的不满足，以及情感上的原因，即孤独感和思乡之情。可见作者认为欧洲移民返乡的原因是多方面的，这与[B]表述一致，故[B]为答案。从上述分析可知，作者在借用多项调查结果说明移民返乡的原因的时候，提到了多种原因，主要涉及生活环境、经济因素、福利条件、情感因素等多个方面，且并没有特别强调任何一方面是主要诱因，因此[A]“强调他们的经济动机”、[C]“强调孤独感和思乡之情”和[D]“强调四十岁以上男性的困难”均属于以偏概全，故排除。第29题

Which of the following words is used literally, not metaphorically? A.flow(Para. 2). B.injection(Para. 2). C.gravitate(Para. 5). D.selective(Para. 6).

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答答案解析：修辞格题。根据题干提示可分别定位至相关词语的所在段落。flow本意是指“液体等的流动”，而文中a strong flow of immigrants显然是指大批移民前往同一个方向，就像水流一样，使用的是比喻义；injection的原意是“注射；投人；血管充血”，在原文the injection of huge amounts of American and British capital中借指资金的注入如同液体注射一样，因此使用的也是比喻义；gravitate本意为“受重力的吸引；因受引力作用而移动”，在原文“Many naturally gravitate towards the Italian or Greek communities…”中指“受到吸引而前往”，故也不是使用字面意义。综上所述，可以排除选项[A]、[B]和[C]。只有selective在rather less selective in their case中使用的是字面含义“仔细挑选的”，故[D]为答案。第30题

Para. 11 pictures the Australians as______. A.unsympathetic B.ungenerous

C.undemonstrative D.unreliable

参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至文章最后一段。该段借用一本期刊中对澳大利亚人的描述，指出澳大利亚人在对待移民时的态度。该期刊指出，澳大利亚的很多雇主和同事对移民的态度不甚友好；澳洲人并不像描绘的那般宽厚热情，而是沉浸于自吹自擂，无暇热心周到；最后一句还用略带讽刺的口吻再次强调澳洲人不够宽容大度。可见真正的澳洲人应该与文中提到的friendly、warm-hearted、considerate和expansive相反，这些表述可以总结为ungenerous“不大方，不慷慨；不宽厚仁慈的”，故[B]为答案。[A]“无同情心的”与

[C]“含蓄的，感情不外露的”与原文表述不符，原文提到澳洲人表面上非常热情，喜欢自吹自擂，故排除；原文没有说到澳洲人是否讲诚信，故排除[D]“不可靠的”。上一题下一题

(31~35/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

(7)So there are two very good reasons(asymmetrical ability, and priming)that make people

feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though. An economist recently interviewed here at Prospero, Athanasia Chalari, said for example that:

(8)Is there something intrinsic to the Greek language that encourages Greeks to interrupt? People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages´ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. But language myths are not always self-flattering: many speakers think their languages are unusually illogical or difficult—witness the plethora of books along the lines of \" Only in English do you park on a driveway and drive on a parkway: English must be the craziest language in the world!\" We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French, rigorous: German, logical: English, playful. Of course.

According to the author, which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted?

A.Personality improvement. B.Better task performance. C.Change of worldviews.

D.Avoidance of old-age disease.

参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：细节理解题。根据题干关键词advantages和commonly accepted定位至文章第一段首句。作者在该句中列举了三个人们普遍接受的使用双语的益处，包括能够更好地完成某些特定的任务，年老时预防老年痴呆，以及可以讲另一种语言，可见，其中第一点与[B]的表述相一致，故[B]为正确答案。在作者提及的三种公认的优势中，没有涉及性格改善和世界观的改变，且第一段最后一句提及的也只是讲多种语言的人在说不同的语言时展现不同的性格和世界观，而不是会使性格改善或改变世界观，故排除[A]和[C]；而关于老年病，原文提到，双语使用可以带来的益处是better defense“更好的预防”，而不可等同于avoidance“避免”，故排除[D]。第32题

According to the passage, that language influences thought may be related to______.

A.the vocabulary of a second language B.the grammar of a second language

C.the improved test performance in a second language D.the slowdown of thinking in a second language

参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词language influences thought定位至文章第四段。在该段中，作者指出语言对思维的影响与词汇和语法并没有关联，随后举例说明，人们在用第二语言进行考试时，反而不容易落入一些出题人设置的陷阱，在本段第六句中，作者指出使用第二语言会让人们放缓思维速度，故[D]为答案。关于语言对思维的影响，作者在第四段开头就明确指出，这未必与第二语言的词汇和语法相关，故排除[A]和[B]；使用第二语言进行的考试表现是否有进步，原文并没有提及，故排除[C]。第33题

参考答案： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第八段。作者在该段开头提出一个问题，希腊人喜欢彼此打断，这是不是因为希腊语有些固有特性使然呢?作者并没有立刻给出明确的答复，而是在随后举例说明人们对于某些语言的特点有一些固有的看法和传言，到第九段作者才又重新回到这个问题，并指出，与希腊语具有相似特点的威尔士语的使用者们，并没有像希腊人一样喜欢抢话头，可见，作者认为希腊语动词开头的特点就会导致希腊人说话争先恐后的习惯和第八段所举的那些例子一样，都只是一些关于语言的老生常谈和传言，并没有切实的依据，这与[A]表述一致，故为正确答案。作者在探讨语言固有特点时说，人们喜欢用一些传说，并在其后举了法国人和德国人的例子，这就表明，对于“将动词置于句末就会增加语言的逻辑性”这样的看法，作者并不认同，故排除[B]；沃尔夫主义涉及的是语言与世界观的问题，与第八段的话题不相关，故排除[C]；从上述分析可知，作者对于语言固有特点会造成语言使用者特定性格和举止的问题，是持否定态度的，故排除[D]。第34题

Which of the following statements concerning Para. 9 is correct? A.Ms Chalari´s theory about the Greek language is well grounded. B.Speakers of many other languages are also prone to interrupting. C.Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in personality. D.Many unrelated languages don´t have the same features as Greek. 参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第九段。作者在第九段中试图回答第八段的问题：希腊语以信息量丰富的动词开头的特点，会不会是希腊人喜欢抢话的原因?换言之，不同的语法特点是否是导致人们在行为上和性格上的一些不同表现呢?从作者所举的威尔士语语法特点和威尔士人交谈表现的事例可知，作者对此是持否定态度的，也就是说语法未必是性格变化的原因和条件，故[C]为正确答案。查拉瑞用希腊语为例子说明语言与性格的关系，而第九段第二句以后作者所谈到的内容说明，查拉瑞的理论是站不住脚的，故排除[A]；[B]“很多其他语言的使用者也容易打断人说话”在原文中并没有提及，故排除；定位段第三句说，全球有很多语言都是动词有屈折变化，且信息量丰富的，也就是说与希腊语有相似

的特点，可见[D]的表述与原文意义相反，故排除。第35题

In discussing the issue, the author´s attitude is______. A.satirical B.objective C.critical D.ambivalent

参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：观点态度题。本题解答需综合全文的主要信息。文章开头提出了使用双语会有一些明显的优势，进而提出一个问题，语言会不会像一些双语使用者所感觉到的那样，改变人们的性格和世界观呢，在其后的段落中，作者深入探讨了双语对人们思维的影响，而其论述多是通过引用观点、列举事例等方法，很少直接评述，可见其在探讨论题时，所持的态度是客观的，故[B]为正确答案。由上述分析可知，作者是在探讨一个学术话题，论述方式是提出问题，试图加以回答，且多方引用他人的观点，没有掺杂任何情感因素，也没有对任何观点进行评判，故排除[A]“讽刺的”和[C]“批评的”；作者在文末引用知名学者的观点，对文中提出的论题给出了确定的答案，故排除[D]“模棱两可的”。上一题下一题

(36~39/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

dashed past her and up the few steps which graced the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them.

(4)\"Well, young lady,\" observed the old gentleman, looking at her somewhat kindly—\"what is it you wish?\"

(5)\"I am, that is, do you—I mean, do you need any help?\" she stammered.

(6)\"Not just at present,\" he answered smiling. \"Not just at present. Come in sometime next week. Occasionally we need someone. \"

(8)Somewhat encouraged, she ventured into another large structure. It was a clothing company, and more people were in evidence. (9)An office boy approached her.

(10)\"Who is it you wish to see?\" he asked. (11)\"I want to see the manager,\" she returned.

(12)He ran away and spoke to one of a group of three men who were conferring together. One broke off and came towards her.

(13)\"Well?\" he said, coldly. The greeting drove all courage from her at once. (14)\"Do you need any help?\" she stammered.

(15)\"No,\" he replied abruptly and turned upon his heel.

(16)She went foolishly out, the office boy deferentially swinging the door for her, and gladly sank into the obscuring crowd. It was a severe set-back to her recently pleased mental state. 第36题

She quickened her steps because she______. A.was afraid of being seen as a stranger B.was in a hurry to leave the district

C.wanted to look like someone working there D.wanted to apply at more factories that day

参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：细节理解题。根据题干关键词she quickened her steps定位至第一段第四句。该句提到她之所以加快了脚步，是为了避免被人看出她是在找活儿干，这让她感到有些羞愧，因而她装出一副办理公事的那种人常有的漫不经心的神气，以免引起注意。这与[C]“想要看上去像在这里工作”表述一致，故[C]为正确答案。由上述分析可知，姑娘是来寻找工作的，其实是想要仔细地搜寻，所以并不会急于离开这个地方，也不会害怕被当成陌生人，故排除[A]和[B]；[D]“想要在那一天到更多的工厂找工作”在原文中没有依据，故排除。第37题 Why didn´t she enter Storm and King the first time? A.She was too timid to enter the building. B.Two men stopped her at the entrance. C.Several pedestrians had found her strange.

D.The messenger had closed the door behind him. 参考答案： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词Storm and King定位至第一段倒数第十一句。该句之后的内容提到，她看到这家公司雇用女店员，本来觉得有希望，但看到门口有两个男人，还有个穿制服的邮差来送电报，门口熙熙攘攘，人流不断，又发现有人在打量她，于是就放弃了，感觉没法当着这些人的面走进这幢建筑。可见她是太过胆小而不敢走进去，这也可以从本段开头部分得到证实，故[A]为答案。[B]“两个男人在人口处拦住了她”是对第一段倒数第六句的误解，原文只说有两个男人在人口处站住了，并没有说拦住了她，故排除；倒数第四句说大街上行人穿梭，但并没有说这些行人是否觉得她奇怪，故排除[C]；倒数第五句提到的邮差只是从她旁边经过，并没有关上门，故排除[D]。第38题

What does \"every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made\" mean according to the context(Para. 2)?

A.She thought she was making progress in job search. B.She was glad that she was looking for a job. C.She found her experience satisfactory. D.She just wanted to leave the place. 参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示定位至第二段第三句。定位句指出，每前进一步，她都会因为逃远了一些而感到满足和高兴，结合上一段说到，她胆子很小，在大楼门前看到人多，并感觉到有人在打量她，心里就十分紧张，甚至放弃了进去找工作的机会，可知她离开只是单纯地因为不愿意再待在这个地方，想要离开这里，这与[D]表述一致，故[D]为正确答案。根据前文不难知道，她寻找工作的事情还一点都没有进展和头绪，故排除[A]“她认为自己在找工作的事情上正有所进展”；第一段开头作者就说明，她对于找工作是很羞怯和害怕的，甚至想要掩盖自己找工作的事情，因此排除[B]“她很高兴自己正在找工作”；第二段首句说她因为自己没有勇气走进风雷皇家公司而感到垂头丧气，并没有对自己的经历感到很满意，故排除[C]。

第39题

Why did she feel greatly relieved(Para. 7)?

A.She eventually managed to enter the building. B.She was kindly received by the clerk. C.She had the courage to make an inquiry. D.She was promised a work position. 参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第七段最后一句。定位句之前解释了她松了一口气的原因：原本预想要遭到粗暴的对待，却没想到会有人十分和气地同自己说话，尽管仍然是被拒绝了，但是这让她觉得没有遭受羞辱，也没有被人看出自己的不幸处境，可见她放松的原因是风雷皇家公司的老先生和气地对待她，故[B]为正确答案。由上述分析可知，姑娘感到心情稍稍放松是因为没有受到预想中的粗暴对待，并不是因为自己终于敢于走进大楼或开口询问，故排除[A]和[C]；而从第六段老先生的答复中可以看出，她还是被委婉拒绝了，并没有得到一份工作，故排除[D]。上一题下一题

(1/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第40题

What do \"promise\" and \"should\" in Para. 2 imply about the author´s vision of Australia´s economy? ______

参考答案： Australia´s economy cannot achieve fast development as assumed without immigrants.

详细解答：本题考查作者的特定用词对某个事件所表达的态度。根据题干定位至原文第二段，作者在该段指出，澳大利亚人认识到，即使有新的矿藏预示着未来形势大好(promise)，有美国和英国的资金注入，资源应该能得到良好开发(should)，这些经济发展计划和设想，要是离开移民，都是无法实现的。可见作者认为澳大利亚的经济要是没有移民，是不能像设想的那样快速发展的，故答案为“Australia’s economy cannot achieve fast development as assumed without immigrants．”。上一题下一题

(2/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第41题

Explain the meaning of \"the growth of national groups\" according to the context(Para. 7). _______

参考答案： The increase of groups formed by immigrants from different sources．

详细解答：本题考查的是“国家群体增加”一语在文中的具体含义。根据题干定位至原文第七段，但定位句是一个段间转折句，对于设问语句的理解应回溯至前一至两段。作者在之前的第五和第六段中提到，澳大利亚人之所以比较偏爱英国移民，是因为他们易于融人当地文化，而很多欧洲大陆来的移民，则因为语言和生活习惯等原因，难以融入当地社会，而是形成了以各自来源地为基础的移民社群，可见所谓的growth of national groups所指的就是不同来源国家移民形成的群体增加，故答案为“The increase of groups formed by immigrants from different sources．”。

上一题下一题

(3/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第42题

Explain the meaning of \"The choice between two languages is a huge prime. \" according to the context(Para. 6). _______

参考答案： Different languages trigger different related memories and feelings．详细解答：本题考查的是对第六段中特定语句的理解。根据题干定位至第六段，作者在该段中提到了心理学上的“启动效应”，即一些小的心理动因会强烈影响人们的行为，一个能够使用英语和西班牙语的波多黎各人会在使用不同语言时激发起不同的记忆，因此而产生不同的情感，可见设问句的意思是不同语言会激发不同的与之相关的情感与记忆，故答案为“Different languages trigger different related memories and feelings．”。上一题下一题

(4/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第43题

What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages? _________

参考答案： Asymmetric language competence and the priming effect．详细解答：本题考查的是双语者在使用不同语言时感觉相异的原因。根据题干定位至第七段。作者在该段首句明确提到，人们在使用不同语言时感觉也会不同，这有两个十分充分的理由，即两种语言能力不平衡以及第六段中所提到的“启动效应”，即不同语言激发不同的相关记忆与情感，故答案为“Asymmetric language competence and the priming effect．”。上一题下一题

(5/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第44题

What does the author focus on in the passage? _______

参考答案： Whether different languages confer different personalities．详细解答：本题考查的是对本文主要论题的把握。作者在开篇提出了一个问题，即双语或多语使用者会不会在使用不同语言时，呈现不同的性格，形成不同的世界观，并在第三段和第四段指出语言的确会塑造思想，并简要分析其原因，他分析了双语使用者采用不同语言时感觉不同的原因，但是人们是否真的会因此而产生不同的性格呢，作者通过讨论希腊人常会打断彼此谈话的习惯与希腊语的语法特点是否存在关联，而试图对此给出答案，可见贯穿全文的关注点就是不同的语言究竟是否会激发出不同的性格特点，故答案为“Whether different languages confer different personalities．”。上一题下一题

(6/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第45题

Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para. I describing the girl´s inner feelings while walking in the streets looking for a job. ______

参考答案： Lacked courage，indefinable shame，weakening heart，hesitating and helpless. 详细解答：本题考查的是姑娘走在街头寻找工作的内心感受。根据题于定位至第一段，作者从第三句就开始逐渐写到姑娘的内心活动，说她lacked courage(缺乏勇气)，而第四句提到因为发现被人盯着看，她感觉到一种indefinable shame(难以形容的羞愧)，第十一句说到，因为有个人正好看向她的方向，她就出现了weakening heart(感到十分心虚)，而来到风雷皇家公司看到可能被雇用的希望后，她又不敢走进去，心里十分hesitating(迟疑)，而尽管周围人群熙熙攘攘，她仍感到helpless(孤立无助)，故答案为“Lacked courage，indefinable shame，weakening heart，hesitating and helpless．”。上一题下一题

(7/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

第46题

Explain the meaning of \"So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. \" according to the context(Para. 2). _____

参考答案： The severe defeat made her sad and disheartened．详细解答：本题考查的是对第二段首句含义的理解。对此句的理解应上溯至第一段后半部分，作者讲到姑娘开始看到了可能找到工作的希望，但是因为自己胆子太小，面对熙熙攘攘的人群，怎么也不能鼓起勇气走进可能雇用自己的公司的大门，感觉十分为难；最后因为发现有人看她而放弃尝试的打算。结合设问句可知，这是一次尝试失败，一个胆怯的、孤立无援的姑娘此时的感觉是悲切和沮丧的，故答案为“The severe defeat made her sad and disheartened．”。上一题下一题

(8/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided. 第47题

In \"It was a severe set-back to her recently pleased mental state. \"(Para. 16), what does \"her recently pleased mental state\" refer to according to the context? _____ 参考答案： Courage and joy gained from her previous reception．详细解答：本题考查的是文章结尾处特定语句所指的内容。由题干定位至文末，该句说到，这次打击使她刚才还兴冲冲的情绪受到严重挫伤。回溯前文可知，姑娘在上一段遭到了粗鲁的拒绝，这应该是挫伤的原因，而兴冲冲的情绪则来自于此前她在鞋子批发公司受到礼貌对待的经历，作者在第八段说到，她多少受到一些鼓舞，由此可知her recently pleased mental state所指的是她因之前受到礼貌接待而获得的勇气，故答案为“Courage and joy gained from her previous reception．”。上一题下一题

(48~57/共10题)PART III LANGUAGE USAGE

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It

may take the form of broadcast media, as in case of television and__48__ radio, or print media, as newspapers and magazines. __49__

Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as

the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers a much small population and area, focusing on regional news of__50__ interest, specialty media is provided for particular demographic__51__ groups. Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news

distributed through the media, as were public service announcements__55__ and emergency alerts.

When elitists may be tempted to sneer at mass media, referring__56__ to it as the \"opiate of the masses\

societies. Understanding mass media is usually the key to understand__57__ a population and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge. 第48题

参考答案： ∧case—the 详细解答：冠词缺失。本句意为“大众媒体的一种形式是广播媒体，就像电视和广播……”，短语in case of的意思是“如果，假使”，此处明显与case的另外一个意思混淆，即“事例，具体情况”，用在短语in the case of中表示具体例证。原文在使用该短语时缺少定冠词the，故在名词case前加上冠词the。第49题

参考答案： as—like 详细解答：介词误用。本行所在的分句与之前的分句意义相对，“……另一种是印刷媒体，就像报纸和杂志。”但由于此处并没有使用由in the case of与名词构成的状语，所以本分句中的as只能视作介词，而要表达“像，如同……”的含义，介词需使用like，故将as改为like。第50题

参考答案： small一smaller 详细解答：形容词误用。作者在此处比较了地方媒体与全国性媒体的差别，后者针对全国人口，而前者覆盖的人口和区域相对较小，可见应使用形容词small的比较级，故将small改为smaller。第51题

参考答案： ∧specialty一while

详细解答：连词缺失。作者将两种媒体与全国性媒体相比较，前一分句介绍了地方媒体，其后介绍了另一种专业媒体，前后两个分句主谓结构完整，因此应使用连词相连接，且作者也有将这两种媒体也相互区分比较之意，故应增加连词while。第52题

参考答案： raise一rise

详细解答：动词误用。动词raise是及物动词，而能跟其后的to prominence搭配的显然只能是不及物动词，故将raise改为rise，rise to prominence为固定用法，其意思是“声名鹊起”。

第53题

参考答案： ∧it also一but 详细解答：连词缺失。本行逗号前后的两个部分都是主谓结构完整的分句，而其间没有连词连接；再根据前一分句句意“人们往往将大众媒体当成新闻”和后一分句句意“它也包括像电视节目、书籍和电影这样的娱乐形式”，可见前后两分句是转折关系，故应在第二分句的it之前加上连词but。第54题

参考答案： the一去掉第一个the

详细解答：冠词冗余。根据上下文可知，此处讲到大众媒体本身就具有教育性，正如公共广播向全国听众提供教育节目一样。短语in nature表示“本质上，事实上”，为固定用法，故应去掉nature之前的冠词the。第55题

参考答案： were一are 详细解答：时态误用。该处所在句包含两个分句，前一个分句说到政治宣传通过媒体频繁传播；后一个分句说到，公共服务通知和应急警报也是如此。前后两个分句均是介绍一般情况的说明性文字，应使用一般现在时，故将were改为are。第56题

参考答案： When一While 详细解答：连词错误。该处所在的分句为状语从句，主句说到大众媒体是人类社会的重要组成部分，从句的意思则是“精英们可能会对大众媒体嗤之以鼻”，可见主从句之间并不是时间关系，故此处应使用连词while，引导让步状语从句。第57题

参考答案： understand一understanding

详细解答：非谓语动词误用。本句说到理解大众媒体通常是理解人民和文化的关键。key之后的to为介词，其后不可接动词原形，故将understand改为动名词understanding。这段文字选自中国八十年代以来创作较为活跃，收获颇为丰厚的作家之一——肖复兴的《读书三感》的摘要部分，体裁属于文学报告类。选段通过对文学书籍中的美好世界与现实生活的形象对比，展示了读书赋予我们的内心感受。该选段句式结构简单，翻译起来并不困难。上一题下一题

(1/1)PART IV TRANSLATION

第58题

参考答案： When life gives us lemons, literature books provide us with an achievable realm that is better than reality. The water described in the books may be clearer than the water in our real life and the sky is bluer than what it is like in the real world. The idea of a perfect relationship is impossible in reality. However, the love stories in Butterflies in Love and Romeo and Juliet are eternal. Therefore, reading books will smooth over the nastiness and roughness in real life.

详细解答： 1．第一句整体句子很长，因此可以以破折号和分号为断点，分成三个句子来翻译。在第一个分句中，“生活不如意时”可以译为时间状语从句，其翻译方式很多，除了参考译文翻译的那样外，还可以翻译为when life craps on us、when we feel stuck in life或者

when we have bad hair days in life等；“比现实更美好的境界”可以翻译为名词性短语a better realm than reality，也可以像参考译文那样翻译为定语从句。

2．翻译第一句中的第二个分句时，分析句式结构可知，该句其实就是两个比较句。句中出现了同义词“现实生活”和“现实中”，为避免重复，可以分别翻译为in our real life和in the real world；“书里面的水”可以翻译为名词性短语water in the books，也可以像参考译文那样意译为“书里面描绘的水”，将“书里面描绘的”译为后置定语，增加句式的多样性。 3．翻译第一句的第三个分句时，“现实中没有完美的爱情”可采用there be句型直译，即“There is no perfect love in real life．”，参考译文将其意译为“现实生活中是不可能存在完美的爱情的”；“在书里有永恒的《梁山伯与祝英台》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》”这句话并不是说这两本书是永远存在的，而是说这两本书反映的爱情故事是永恒的。此外，《梁山伯与祝英台》还可以翻译为The Romance Of Liang Shanbo And Zhu Yingtai。 4．翻译第二句时，“读书”以动名词形式作主语。本句的翻译难点在于“弥补”，除了翻译为译文中的smooth over以外，还可以翻译为make up for、offset或者compensate for等。上一题下一题

(1/1)PART V WRITING 第59题

2. express your opinion on perfection, especially on whether aiming for perfection matters in whatever you do.

You can support yourself with information from the excerpts.

Headmistress tells pupils not to fret about exams

Pupils should not worry about their exam results because no one will remember them in years to come, the head of a leading girls´ school has said.

Judith Carlisle, headmistress of Oxford High School, said there was no point fretting over GCSEs because no one will \"give a damn\" about results—and because they don´t reflect character.

She is running a \" Death of Little Miss Perfect\" initiative at the private school to combat perfectionism in her students.

\"Perfectionism is only captured in a moment—it´s not achievable longer term,\" she said. \"It undermines self-esteem and then performance. \" Miss Carlisle said that students don´t always need to aim for 100 per cent, and if they do need an A grade to attend their university of choice, it´s not necessary to get the highest A possible. She said: \"It matters, but sometimes it probably won´t matter. It´s important[the girls are]not going for things that if they don´t get it, it will destroy them. Exams aren´t who they are—it´s what they did on that day. \" She said: \"There´s unhelpful perfectionism as opposed to high standards. It´s not that we´re aiming to undermine high standards—it will actually help you achieve higher standards. \" Excerpt 2

THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION

参考答案： Obsessive Perfectionism Is Not Desirable

In order to survive in this competitive society, all of us are laboring under our own and society´s expectations to be perfect in every way. Many people embrace the idea that perfectionism helps us to continuously aim for higher standards and become better, which is critical to success. But some hold opposing views on this matter. They argue that perfectionism at its extreme not only prevents us from being our best, but undermines our self-esteem and even ruins us.

In my view, the problem doesn´t lie in perfectionism, as we can´t deny the fact that our dedication to perfection pushes us to achieve great results. The problem is when the quest for perfection turns into an obsession, so much so that the perfectionist becomes neurotic over gaining perfection and refuses to accept anything less than perfect. As the old adage goes, too much of something is bad. On the one hand, the obsession has a great impact on our work. For instance, due to our desire to \"perfect\" everything, what is actually a simple task may get blown out of proportion, to the extent it becomes subconsciously intimidating. We may procrastinate, waiting for the ever \"perfect\" moment until it is too late. Other than that, perfectionists who are too hung up over details tend to forget about the bigger picture and the end vision, and as a result failure at work seems to be inevitable. On the other hand, for these negative and neurotic perfectionists, when they fail, they will not look into other aspects that could have caused their failure. Instead, they will blame themselves for everything, which results in depression and low self-esteem.

To sum up, we should become healthy perfectionists who truly try to achieve personal excellence, not maladaptive perfectionists who inhibit our own efforts for personal growth. Bear in mind that every bean has its black. The more we open ourselves to making mistakes, the faster we can get down to learning from them, and the quicker we can grow. 详细解答：本材料讨论的是如何看待完美主义这一话题。选段1中牛津高中校长告诫学生不要因考试成绩而烦恼，因为她认为完美主义是暂时的、不长久的，而且还会削弱个人的自尊和表现；选段2则认为追求完美可以鞭策我们前进，不断地完善自己，并最终走向成功。本题的写作重点在于首先概括上述选段的观点；然后就这一话题提出自己的观点并给予足够的论据支撑；最后总结全文，重述论点。上一题成绩单

因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容

查看全文