句子成分和基本句型
句子包含哪些成分？
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 、{ 补语（complement）、同位语（apposite）}
1.主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．
The girl is pretty. Reading is useful.
To see is to believe. They are good friends.
2.谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．
They are teachers. She looks well.
He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. 3.表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面
I am a teacher. She feels happy.
Everybody is here. They are at home now.
He went mad. Seeing is believing.
4.宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．
She plays the piano. He often helps me.
I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is good boy.
5.宾语补足语：在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．
它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．
If you let me go, I’ll make you king. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home.
I heard my name called.
6.状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，
程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．
He did it carefully. He studied very hard.
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen.
I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 7.定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．
The black bike is mine. What’s your name?
I have 5 books. A sleeping boy is sleeping.
They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack.
8.同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。
We students should study hard.
(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
Li Lei, my brother, came to see me today.
(my brother是Li Lei的同位语）
基本句型有哪些？
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
主+谓
S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓）
Time flies.
1) S + V + adverbial(状语）
Birds sing beautifully.
2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）
He went on holiday.
3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式）
We stopped to have a rest.
4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词）
I'll go swimming.
主+谓+宾
S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾）
We like English.
1) S + Vt + N/Pron
I like music.
I like her.
2) S + Vt + to do (不定式）
I want to help him.
常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。
3) S + Vt + doing
I enjoy living here.
常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。
4) S + VT + Wh-Word + to do
I don't know what to do. I don’t know what I can do?
常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
5) S + Vt + That-从句
I don't think (that) he is right.
常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出），show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪）。
主+系+表
S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动词）+ P（表）
We are Chinese.
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等 1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词）
He is a boy.
This is mine.
2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词）
She is beautiful.
3) S + Lv + Adv (副词）
Class is over.
4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词） He is excited. The film is interesting. 主+谓+间宾+直宾
S (主）+ VT （谓）+ Oi（间接 宾）+ Od（直接宾）
I give you help.
1) S + Vt + N/Pron + N
2) I sent him a book.
3) I bought May a book.
4) 上述句型可以变为：S + Vt + N/Pron + To/for-phrase 5) He sent a book to me. 6) He bought a coat for me.
2) S + Vt + N/Pron + That-clause
He told me that the film was great.
常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warn等。
3) S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-Clause
He asked me what he should do.
常用于这句型的动词有：Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.
主+谓+宾+宾补
S (主）+ Vt（谓）+ O（宾） + C（宾补）
I make you clear.
1) S + Vt + N/Pron + N
We named our baby Tom.
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。
2) S + Vt + N/Pron + Adj
He painted the wall white.
常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。
3) S + Vt + N/Pron + Prep Phrase
She always keeps everything in good order.
4) S + Vt+ N/Pron + to do
I wish you to stay.
I made him work
常用于这句型的动词有：
a)不定式带to的词：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit,
persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。
b)不定式不带to的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等。
5) S + Vt + N/Pron + Participle (分词）
I heard my name called.
I feel something moving.
常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。
6) S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive
He show me how to do it.
常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。
划分句子成分
1.we are working .
2.I have a lot of clothes to wash .
3.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .
4.I like popular music .
5.She knows what to do next .
6.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .
7.He promised me a new dictionary which is useful to me .
8.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .
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