An Integrated English Course IV
Unit 7
Text 1 The Selling of the President
Key to Exercises
Text comprehension (pp. 102-103)
I. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose of writing.
B.
II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.
1. T. Refer to the last sentence of Paragraph 2.
2. F. Refer to Paragraph 3. It is argued that in some elections the amount of TV exposure does not help and this point is supported by two examples, one of which is Nixon's winning in 1972. Ford's loss in 1976, however, is an example used to show that TV promotion seems to work best when there is a large undecided vote.
3. F. Refer to Paragraph 4, where it is stated that losing candidates all looked \"bad\" on TV. One exception was Nixon, whose TV image, though generally poor, was improved through the application of featured long shots and the avoidance of close-ups.
4. F. Refer to Paragraph 5. \"Both John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter seemed more at home with the medium\" means they two felt more comfortable and at ease in front of the TV camera than those mentioned in the previous paragraph. It has nothing to do with the issue whether they were shown within US or abroad.
5. T. Refer to Paragraph 6.
6. T. Refer to Paragraph 7.
7. T. Refer to Paragraph 11.
III. Answer the following questions.
1. Presidential candidates are somewhat like commodities: the better advertised they are on TV, the better they sell.
2. Since the 1896 campaign, the election of a President has largely depended on whether favorable publicity of a candidate can be made. Prior to the 1960s when TV surpassed newspapers as an information source for the first time, the medium that played the dominant role in the publicity campaign was print, which
laid emphasis on \"issues\" rather than \"images\". The success in generating favorable publicity was up to the campaign strategist, thus making it necessary or even desirable for the candidate to \"keep his mouth shut\" before the medium.
3. Paragraph 2 indicates that Nixon ran for the presidency for the first time in 1960. He was the favorite in the early stage of the campaign, but lost the favor just because he looked \"bad\" on TV.
4. Paragraph 3. They work most effectively in close elections or in those where there is a large undecided vote.
5. No. Before the 1960s, it was print that played the critical role in the campaign. Print and issues went together. So what was important then was whether the candidate could convince the electorate of his will, ability and determination to settle the issues they were concerned about. In contrast, little attention was paid to physical appearance. Television, however, has reversed the priority of the two factors.
6. According to the author, Jimmy Carter's election was a proof of the new trend that the electorate's image of the candidate was a greater determinant of his success than his \"platforms\i. e. his policies. As a matter of fact, Carter was devoted to gaining the trust of the voters. His favorable image and rapport with the voters pushed him to power, though the electorate actually knew very little of his policy.
7. As President, Carter worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment, but unfortunately, inflation and interest rates were at near record highs, and efforts to reduce them caused a short recession. What's more, his efforts to save the American hostages from Iran failed. The American electorate got tired of him because he was bogged down in all these issues. Reagan, a former Hollywood actor, knew well how to use TV to his advantage, and moreover, he referred to John Wayne, a distinguished Hollywood film star, often viewed as one of the \"last great Americans\different from Carter, and like Wayne, could well be a great American, too.
8. This means that what is of vital importance today will become a trifle tomorrow. By this the author implies that issues should not be regarded as a top factor in the campaign. It is the \"person\ not the \"issuehat deserves more attention.
IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences taken from the text.
1. Television advertising seems to have the greatest effect in elections where the rivals are well-matched or in those where a large number of voters have not decided which side to take.
2. The intervention of television in the present-day campaign determines what factors the candidate should consider before others, and these priorities of today are different from those of the past.
3. All the winning candidates in the presidential election have learnt how to make full use of television, to put on TV shots in the way he can win the most favor of the electorate.
4. It can be argued that since the 1960 presidential debates we have paid more attention to the candidates themselves than to their policies. This is an orientation very much different from that in earlier years.
5. When Nixon was President, television led to his resignation just because the medium disclosed his guilt in the Watergate scandal.
Structural analysis of the text (p103)
In recent years that publicity has been supplanted by heavy spot buying on electronic media.
( Paragraph 1 )
The most talked-about medium in American politics is television. (Paragraph 2 )
Television affords us that opportunity in a way no other medium can. (Paragraph 12 )
Rhetorical features of the text (p104)
Positive examples: Kennedy ( in 1960), Nixon ( in 1972 ), Carter ( in 1980), Reagan ( in 1984). The purpose of giving these examples is to show the effectiveness of television in getting more publicity for presidential candidates.
Negative examples: Adlai Stevenson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Nixon (in 1960 and 1974). The purpose of providing these examples is to prove the importance of the candidates' public image on TV.
Vocabulary exercises (pp104-106)
1. Replace the underlined words in the sentences with appropriate forms of the words chosen from the text.
1. supplanted 2. clinched 3. swung 4. profusion
5. condensed 6. denounce 7. dictate 8. orientation
II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words and phrases.
1. got bogged down 2. to bring down
3. affect 4. would be detrimental to
5. was clouded 6. is comfortable with
7. was ... taken in 8. to his advantage
III. Choose the word that best fitsthe blank in each sentence.
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C
IV. Explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.
1. way 2. admired 3. cleverer
4. being shown 5. able to manage 6. refused to support
Grammar exercises (pp106-107)
I. Note the parts that are omitted in the following sentences.
1. All the print information we now receive is simpler and more condensed than ( it was) ever before.
2. Television is images, (and television is) not issues.
3. We could study the issues, (we could) read the speeches, yes – but how would we \"know\" the candidates as we might (know) a neighbor or casual acquaintance?
4. Of course, TV cannot guarantee honest candidates, but we rejected Richard
Nixon in 1960 and we might have (rejected him) again had he not so successfully avoided any informal coverage.
5. He would sit there, surrounded by flags and piles of transcripts, and (he would) swear he was innocent.
6. Issues come and (issues) go, but we elect people to the presidency.
II. Rewrite the following sentences, omitting whatever can be omitted without change of meaning.
1. In 1970, the number of students in our school was about five hundred, and in 1981, ( ) over two thousand.
2. Reading makes a full man, conference ( ) a ready man, and writing ( ) an exact man.
3. Paul likes poetry, but Peter ( ) fiction.
4. The hunter was frightened and ( ) was firing at the bear.
5. While ( ) at college, he was a prominent athlete.
6. Mr Brown teaches ( ) and his son studies at Cambridge.
III. Omit the subjects and auxiliary verbs of the relative clauses.
1. The aeroplane loaded to capacity was a long time taking off.
2. Any dutiable articles not declared to the customs will be liable to confiscation.
3. This scene, superbly acted by Henry Irving, moved the audience to tears.
4. Overseas letters sent by airmail reach their destination faster than those sent by train or ship.
5. The castle burnt down in the sixteenth century was never rebuilt.
6. Words spoken in haste often lead to trouble.
IV. Complete the following sentences with shall, will, should or would.
1. shall 2. should 3. shall
4. would 5. would 6. will
V. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences.
1. Had you told me about your problem, I might have been able to help you.
Were you to finish your education, many more career opportunities would be
open to you.
2. If my failure proves anything, it is that I lack competence.
If his reaction meant anything, it was that he was thoroughly perplexed.
Translation exercises (pp107-108)
I. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in the brackets.
1. The tape recorder secretly installed in the office of the Secretary of Treasury brought the government down in no more than 3 months.
2. Any action that is detrimental to the cause of peace will be condemned by the people of the world.
3. The decisions made by the two ministers to resign are departures from the hard-nosed, fight-to-the-finish tradition of politics.
4. The negotiations with the workers got bogged down for the third time on the question of working hours.
5. Louisa Clarke is a very pleasant girl, yet sometimes her judgment is clouded by her hot temper and jealousy.
6. He had to work harder or to be sent away from school. In this circumstance, what alternatives were left to him? He had to choose the former.
7. Richard is too much at home here to need the host's invitation for lengthening his visit.
8. She was badly taken in by his honest-looking appearance.
II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
在总统竞选开始之前，各个政党必须选出自己的总统候选人。党内竞选有时候会出 现候选人势均力敌的局面。许多想成为该党总统候选人的人，聘请顶级公共关系和广告 专家，由他们撰写别出心裁的宣传口号加以“推销”。候选人乘火车、飞机或汽车到各地 作短暂停留。他们发表无数的演说，同数不清的人握手。这种欺人之举是美国式热情和奢侈的典型表现。
Exercises for integrated skills (p108)
I. Dictation.
How does the President exercise his policy/ and administrative responsibilities? / He constantly engages in direct and indirect communication/ with his appointed subordinates./ He must delegate,/but the centrality of his constitutional accountability / forever puts limits on the degree of his delegation./At times ,/even seemingly minor operational matters can ,/ if handled badly,/explode in his
face/and embarrass him publicly and politically./He and his staff must find ways/to be continually informed of departmental and agency operations / to be watchful, even of some details./
A further imperative for centralization/has appeared over the past several decades. / Important policy and administrative issues/can no longer be contained/within the jurisdictions of one department or agency ;/matters affecting national security ,/or homeland security, for instance,/sweep across the old agency boundaries./ Result :/ the development, coordination, articulation/and, in some instances,/the implementation of major policies/have been drawn away from the departments/and have been centered in the presidency.
II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.
1. asked 2. broad 3. or 4. if 5. with
6. In 7. for 8. to 9. outsiders 10. not
Listening exercises (pp109-110)
TRANSCRIPT
The Election Process in Britain
(Q = Questioner RS = Roger Scott)
Q: Can you introduce briefly the election process for us?
RS: Sure. Just preceding the day of election you will have been inundated by literature from all of the political parties. Each of the party candidates will have sent you an individual election address outlining their party's position. You will also receive an official polling card. You go down to the polling station, you tell the clerk your name and your address, the clerk then looks at the electoral register, sees that your name tallies with your address, ticks you off, and gives you a ballot paper. On that ballot paper there could be three or four or five or six names depending on how many people are standing in that particular constituency. It is a private ballot, a secret ballot, you mark your ballot paper in a booth privately by yourself and then you deposit your ballot paper in the ballot box. Now at ten at night all of the boxes are gathered in together at one central point. They're all opened and first of all the Returning Officer, that's the man in charge of the election, together with all his staff, begins to count the number of votes actually cast. So the ballot boxes are opened, all the votes are shaken out on various tables and they begin to count the number of people that have actually voted. The person who gets the most votes, even if it's only one more vote than the other person, is declared the winner and will serve for the said constituency in parliament for the next parliamentary term. In this country we don't have a system of Proportional Representation as they do on the continent of Europe and in many other places. So what we have here is what we call first past the post. Some people argue that that's not a fair system. The person who wins the election is the Member of Parliament for the whole of the constituency and he represents everyone – not just simply people who voted for him – not just simply members of
his own party or his own executive of his party, but that person who is the Member of Parliament for a constituency represents everyone within that constituency.
Q: What does an MP's job entail?
RS: There are hundreds of things that Members of Parliament have to deal with in the day-to-day business of constituency life – housing problems, or problems with the Department of Health, problems of social security. I know colleagues who've got problems of immigration because they have a large proportion of immigrant community here in the United Kingdom. Their constituents, if they' re from the Caribbean or from the Indian sub-continent, have great difficulty in bringing their relatives over here so Members of Parliament are constantly engaged in those kinds of problems with the Home Office. And there are a multitude of other welfare rights issues which transcend politics – they're the bread and butter, the nitty-gritty of the getting on with the job in the constituency you are here to help people – that's what you're supposed to do.
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Key to Listening exercises:
A.
Preceding the day of election
Constituent receives election addresses from all political parties outlining their political positions.
Constituent receives an official polling card.
On the day of election
Constituent goes down to polling station.
Constituent tells clerk his name and address.
Clerk looks at electoral register and ticks off the constituent's name if it tallies with the address.
Clerk gives constituent a ballot paper. Constituent marks ballot paper in a booth privately. Constituent deposits ballot paper in the ballot box.
At ten at night
All boxes are gathered in together at one central point.
Ballot boxes are opened.
All votes are shaken out on various tables.
Returning Officer, together with his staff, begins to count the number of votes actually cast.
Final result
Person who gets the most votes is declared the winner.
Winner will serve for the said constituency in parliament parliamentary term.
B.
~ housing problems ~ problems with the Department of Health ~ problems of social security
~ problems of immigration
~ problems with the Home Office
~ welfare rights issues for the next
Text II What Makes a Leader?
Key to questions for discussion (p114)
1. He must have bigger-than-life, commanding features for people to remember. He must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership. He must be able to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember and able to do something other people can't. He must know how to use power.
2. Enjoy strong health. Have a strong will in time of difficulties. Charisma.
3. Honest. Active. Creative. High scores in studies. Willing to work for his classmates. Know how to organize class activities.
You can certainly add more.
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